Questions and Answers
New Orleans jazz primarily featured which of the following musical textures?
Collective Improvisation
Nineteenth-century New Orleans shows the influence of which cultures?
American commerce, Caribbean islands, France, Spain, Cuba, South America
Which of the following was true of the social position of Uptown Negroes in nineteenth-century New Orleans?
Intermediary because of the acknowledgment of Mulatto culture
Who led the Onward Brass Band, a group that blended Creole sophistication with improvisational artistry?
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Which aspect of Buddy Bolden's playing did contemporary observers note most often?
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Buddy Bolden's repertoire demonstrates what characteristic of professional musicians of the period?
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Which instruments are included in the front line of a New Orleans jazz band?
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What is the trumpet or cornet's role in the New Orleans jazz band?
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The most distinctive feature of New Orleans jazz is:
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A short solo improvisation at the end of a phrase in New Orleans jazz is called:
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What was the form of most New Orleans jazz compositions?
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All of the following factors were causes of the Great Migration:
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Which best describes Freddie Keppard's historical importance?
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What was the instrumentation of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band?
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The short, detached articulation prominent at the beginning of 'Dixie Jass Band One-Step' is referred to as:
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Why are Jelly Roll Morton's 1923 recording sessions with the New Orleans Rhythm Kings significant?
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Jelly Roll Morton's Red Hot Peppers recordings are significant because they:
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What was unusual about the front line of King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band?
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In acoustic recordings made at Gennett studios, how was the relative volume of the instruments adjusted?
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Sidney Bechet is responsible for establishing this instrument as a jazz instrument:
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Sidney Bechet spent a large part of his career, and became a beloved national figure, in which country?
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From its earliest days, jazz was embraced across America.
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In nineteenth-century America, people were legally considered black if their heritage included a 'single drop' of black blood.
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The majority of Uptown Negroes could not read music.
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Because of Jim Crow laws, Creoles of Color and Uptown Negroes remained segregated from each other well into the twentieth century.
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Buddy Bolden is widely considered the first jazz musician to develop a distinct personal style.
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The trombonist in a New Orleans jazz band usually plays fewer notes than the clarinetist.
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New Orleans style jazz provided many opportunities for musicians to change the form of a composition through improvisation.
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The Original Dixieland Jazz Band helped to popularize jazz in Europe.
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Other than the Original Dixieland Jazz Band, there were no significant white performers in the New Orleans jazz tradition.
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Jelly Roll Morton invented jazz.
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King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band favored collective improvisation over soloistic features.
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As was common at the time, Gennett Records marketed the recordings of King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band to a black audience as race records.
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A system of racial ___________ was legalized through the 1894 Supreme Court decision in the case of Plessy v.Ferguson.
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At the turn of the twentieth century, most New Orleans Creoles lived in the _____________.
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____________, a zone of New Orleans in which prostitution was legal until 1917, was an area where many elements of jazz style originated.
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The clarinetist's role in a New Orleans jazz band is to perform a ____________, an active improvised accompaniment to the main trumpet melody.
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The largest internal relocation of people in the history of the United States was known as _________________________.
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King Oliver used a wide range of ________ to vary the timbre of his trumpet.
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Sidney Bechet was known as a virtuoso of the _______ saxophone, an instrument that features a straight bell rather than the curved bell of larger saxophones.
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Early jazz trumpeter who lost the opportunity to record the first jazz record
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Regarded as the first great jazz composer
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Bandleader at Chicago's Lincoln Gardens
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Never-recorded trumpeter who is said to have originated jazz style
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Established the soprano saxophone as a jazz instrument
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Study Notes
New Orleans Jazz Overview
- New Orleans jazz is characterized by collective improvisation, blending individual expression with group dynamics.
- Influenced by diverse cultures, including American, Caribbean, French, Spanish, Cuban, and South American backgrounds, enriching its musical landscape.
Social Context
- Uptown Negroes held an intermediary social position in 19th-century New Orleans due to recognition of Mulatto culture.
- Segregation, sharecropping, and lack of political power were key factors contributing to the Great Migration.
Key Figures in New Orleans Jazz
- Manuel Perez led the Onward Brass Band, known for fusing Creole sophistication with improvisational artistry.
- Buddy Bolden is considered the first to develop a unique personal style in jazz, emphasizing individualism in his playing.
- Freddie Keppard was the first to take a New Orleans group to Chicago and LA, playing a significant role in spreading jazz.
Instrumentation and Structure
- Typical front line of a New Orleans jazz band consists of trumpet/cornet, trombone, and clarinet.
- The trumpet/cornet plays the straight melody, while the clarinet often provides an active improvised countermelody.
- Most compositions followed a ragtime structure, showcasing the genre's roots.
Recording and Innovation
- Jelly Roll Morton is notable for the first integrated jazz recording session with the New Orleans Rhythm Kings in 1923.
- His Red Hot Peppers recordings marked a transition from acoustic to electrical recording technology, impacting sound quality and style.
Critical Musical Elements
- Polyphonic textures and collective individualism are hallmarks of New Orleans jazz, allowing multiple musicians to express themselves simultaneously.
- A brief solo improvisation at the end of a phrase is referred to as a break or stop-time.
Cultural and Historical Significance
- The Original Dixieland Jazz Band played a crucial role in popularizing jazz in Europe and was instrumental in establishing jazz as a recognized genre.
- Storyville, an area where prostitution was legalized until 1917, was key in the development of jazz styles.
- Sidney Bechet popularized the soprano saxophone as a jazz instrument and gained fame in France.
Misconceptions and Facts
- Jazz was not immediately embraced across America, demonstrating the genre's complex social reception.
- Racial segregation was entrenched in society, legally defined by the "single drop" rule, shaping social dynamics.
- King Oliver’s band favored collective improvisation, challenging the misconception that early jazz was predominantly soloistic.
Musical Techniques and Performance Practice
- Staccato articulation is prominent, showcased in recordings like "Dixie Jass Band One-Step."
- Mutes were extensively used by King Oliver to create timbral variety in his trumpet playing.
Legacy
- Buddy Bolden is acknowledged as the originator of jazz style, despite never recording.
- Jelly Roll Morton is celebrated as the first great jazz composer, establishing foundational elements of the genre.
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Description
Explore the rich history of New Orleans jazz through this set of flashcards. Delve into the cultural influences, musical textures, and social positions that shaped this vibrant genre. Perfect for students of music history or enthusiasts wanting to deepen their understanding of jazz.
