History of Information Technology

Study Notes

IT encompasses the development, maintenance, and use of computer systems, software, and networks for data processing and distribution.
Originates from the Greek words "technologies" (art, skill, craft) and "logia" (study).

Information can be transferred through various formats: image, text, sound, and video.

Communication primarily through spoken words and petroglyphs (carved images).
Ideographs represent ideas or concepts graphically.
Cuneiform, developed by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia, is one of the oldest writing forms.
The Phoenician alphabet, the first alphabet, was adopted by Greeks who added vowels, later modified by Romans to form the modern alphabet.
Input technology began with the Sumerians using a stylus on wet clay.
Papyrus was introduced around 2600 BC in Egypt for writing, followed by paper production using mulberry bark and hemp rags in 100 AD.
The first libraries were established with scrolls stored by Egyptians, evolving into bound books by Greeks around 600 BC.
Numbering systems developed, leading to the introduction of Hindu-Arabic numerals.
The abacus serves as the earliest known computing device.

Johanne Gutenberg invented letterpress printing in 1450, leading to the first information explosion and the creation of book indexes and page numbering.
Wilhelm Schickard created the first mechanical calculator in 1623, capable of handling six digits.
Blaise Pascal introduced Pascaline in 1642, designed for addition and subtraction tasks.
Charles Babbage, known as the "Father of Modern Computing," invented the Difference Engine (1821) and the Analytic Engine (1832).

Samuel Morse developed Morse Code for the Electromagnetic Telegraph.
Alexander Graham Bell created the first working telephone, advancing long-distance communication.
Dorr Felt invented the comptograph, a mechanical calculator that could add and subtract.
Punch cards were introduced as a means of encoding digital information.

The Z3, built by Konrad Zuse in 1941, was the first programmable computer.
John von Neumann developed the MARK I in 1942, regarded as the first stored-program computer.
ABC Computer, created by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry in 1942, is recognized as the first all-electronic computer, foundational for advancements in digital computing.