History of Health Practices and Medicine
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Questions and Answers

What does the WHO define as health?

  • A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being (correct)
  • The absence of disease and infirmity
  • A state that varies with age and gender
  • Merely the absence of mental disorders

Which organization was established two years before the World Health Organization?

  • American Medical Association
  • International Red Cross
  • United Nations
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (correct)

What is NOT considered a determinant of health?

  • Gestational Endowments
  • Behavioral Choices
  • Marketing Strategies (correct)
  • Environmental Conditions

Which of the following elements is NOT characteristic of a public health community?

<p>Shared economic resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first secretary of the Board of Health for the Philippine Islands?

<p>Dr. Jose Fabella (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of timely reporting of notifiable diseases?

<p>To allow public health authorities to detect an emerging epidemic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is classified under Category I of notifiable diseases?

<p>COVID-19 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following definitions best describes epidemiology?

<p>The science of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Frost's definition, what aspect does epidemiology NOT concern itself with?

<p>Addressing environmental factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT listed as a factor that epidemiology studies according to Leavell and Clark?

<p>Economic growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legislation governs the reporting of communicable diseases in the context given?

<p>Republic Act No. 11332 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a disease categorized under Category II?

<p>Measles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'epidemiology' literally translate to from its Greek roots?

<p>Study of that which is upon the people (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of epidemiology?

<p>The study of health-related states or events in specified populations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which notable figure is referred to as the 'Father of Medicine'?

<p>Hippocrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is recognized as the 'Father of Modern Epidemiology'?

<p>John Snow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant public health investigation was conducted by John Snow?

<p>Cholera epidemic in London (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect did Fracastoro contribute to epidemiology?

<p>The concept that diseases result from contagious seeds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What epidemic did Dr. Benjamin Rush study?

<p>Yellow fever (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What health practice from pre-historic times involved the ingestion of clay or earth?

<p>Geophagy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the earliest applications of epidemiology?

<p>Largely dominated by infectious diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major contribution of Hippocrates to the field of medicine?

<p>Professionalized the practice of medicine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

John Graunt is known for his use of which methodology?

<p>Statistical analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major epidemic was caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis during the Middle Ages?

<p>Black Death (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant theory did John Snow establish through his work with cholera in 1854?

<p>Germ theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a development during the Renaissance that improved understanding of diseases?

<p>Recognition of distinct diseases through observation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the decline of public health activities after the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 C.E.?

<p>Increased spirituality and superstition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which public health advancement is Edward Jenner known for in 1796?

<p>Invention of the smallpox vaccine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the 18th century, which issue was primarily caused by industrial growth?

<p>Poor sanitation and overcrowding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a disease with a constant presence in a specific area?

<p>Endemic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property related to the agent is concerned with the variation in different host species?

<p>Host range (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model of disease causation illustrates the interaction as a balanced lever?

<p>The Lever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of study is designed to answer the questions 'who, when, and where' about disease prevalence?

<p>Descriptive Studies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of host-related properties, which term refers to the ability of a pathogen to cause disease?

<p>Pathogenicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which epidemiologic model emphasizes that effects develop from chains of causation rather than a single cause?

<p>The Web of Causation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agent-related property is critical for survival and reproduction in diverse environments?

<p>Viability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of virulence refers to the extent of illness caused by a disease?

<p>Severity of disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary objective of epidemiology?

<p>To determine the extent of disease in a community (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the proportion of the population that has a health condition at a specific point in time?

<p>Prevalence rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'frequency' in epidemiology refer to?

<p>The relationship of health events to the size of the population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'incidence rate'?

<p>The speed at which new cases of a disease occur in a population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of epidemiology related to health?

<p>To promote and maintain health in the population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In epidemiology, what is meant by 'age-adjusted rates'?

<p>Rates adjusted to eliminate the effects of age distribution differences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'case fatality rate'?

<p>The proportion of individuals with a disease who die from it (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the objective of epidemiology regarding public policy involve?

<p>Providing a foundation for developing decisions related to environmental issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Shamanism

A traditional healing practice that involves the use of spiritual beliefs, rituals, and natural remedies.

Geophagy

The ingestion of clay or earth for medicinal purposes.

Trepanation

A medical procedure that involves drilling a hole into the human skull.

Hippocrates

A Greek physician considered the "Father of Medicine" who emphasized observation and the importance of the environment in health.

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Miasma Theory

The theory that diseases are caused by environmental factors, such as air, water, and location.

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Vaccination

The introduction of a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system and provide immunity.

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Germ Theory

A theory proposed by Louis Pasteur that diseases are caused by microorganisms, like bacteria and viruses.

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Cholera and contaminated water

A crucial discovery by John Snow that linked contaminated water to outbreaks of cholera.

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Bacteriological Period

The period in history (1875-1900) when the study of bacteria greatly advanced our understanding of disease and led to improved sanitation practices.

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What is Health?

A dynamic state encompassing physical, mental, and social well-being. It's not just about the absence of disease, but about thriving.

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WHO's Definition of Health (1946)

A dynamic state of well-being. It's not just the absence of disease or infirmity but includes physical, mental, and social well-being.

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Determinants of Health

Factors that influence an individual's health, including genetics, social environments, behaviors, access to healthcare, and environmental conditions.

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Community in Public Health

In public health, a community is a group of people bound by shared characteristics, interests, experiences, and values.

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Notifiable Diseases

A group of diseases that require immediate reporting to public health authorities to enable early detection of outbreaks and prompt interventions.

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Republic Act No. 11332

A law that mandates reporting of infectious diseases, epidemics, and other health events of public concern, replacing the older Act No. 3573.

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Category I Notifiable Diseases

A category of notifiable diseases that include highly contagious and potentially life-threatening illnesses, such as measles, COVID-19, and rabies.

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Category II Notifiable Diseases

A category of notifiable diseases that include common but potentially serious illnesses, such as dengue, influenza, and typhoid fever.

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Epidemiology

The study of how health events occur in populations, focusing on the factors that influence their distribution and frequency.

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Goal of Epidemiology

The goal of epidemiology is to understand and reduce the burden of diseases and health issues in communities.

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Definition of Epidemiology (American Society of Epidemiology)

The science that investigates the natural history of diseases, focusing on their causes, distribution, and control.

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Definition of Epidemiology (Stallybrass)

The science of infectious diseases, encompassing their causes, transmission, and prevention.

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Endemic

A disease is present in a specific area all the time and is expected to occur regularly.

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Epidemic

Sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a specific area, exceeding the expected level.

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Pandemic

A disease that spreads widely across multiple countries or continents, affecting many people.

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Sporadic

A disease appears occasionally in different areas with no relation between cases.

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Pathogenicity

The ability of an agent to cause disease.

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Virulence

The severity of the disease caused by an agent.

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Immunity

The ability of the host to fight off the agent.

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Viability

The ability of the agent to reproduce and survive in the environment.

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What is epidemiology?

The study of how health conditions spread in populations and the factors influencing this spread.

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Oxford University Press definition of epidemiology

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems.

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Lilienfield's definition of epidemiology

The study of the distribution of a disease or physiologic condition in human populations and of the factors that influence this distribution.

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What is an epidemiologist?

An investigator who studies the occurrence of disease or other health-related conditions or events in defined populations.

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What did Hippocrates suggest about disease?

A person's environment, such as their living conditions and exposure to harmful substances, can influence their health.

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Who is considered the 'Father of Modern Epidemiology' and why?

He studied a cholera outbreak in London and discovered that contaminated water was the source of the infection.

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What were early applications of epidemiology focused on?

Infectious diseases, like plagues, yellow fever, cholera, and typhoid fever, were the focus of early epidemiological investigations.

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What did John Graunt do for epidemiology?

He contributed to the use of statistics, especially studying high infant mortality rates and differences between male and female deaths. He also created the first life table.

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Risk Factors

The factors that increase a person's risk of developing a disease.

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Incidence rate

The number of new cases of a disease in a population during a specific time period.

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Prevalence rate

The proportion of a population that has a disease at a specific point in time.

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Case fatality rate

The proportion of people with a disease who die from it.

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Mortality rate

A measure of the number of deaths in a population during a specific time period.

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Crude rates

Rates calculated using the total population as the denominator.

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Age-adjusted rates

Rates adjusted to account for the age structure of different populations.

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Study Notes

Pre-historic Times

  • Health practices were tied to religious or spiritual beliefs
  • Shamans (medicine men) were natural healers
  • Geophagy involved ingestion of clay or earth
  • Trepanation was drilling a hole into the skull

Classical Culture (500 B.C.E.-500 C.E.)

  • Hippocrates, considered the "Father of Medicine," significantly contributed to the professionalization of medicine
  • "De Aere, Aquis Et Locis" ("Of Air, Water, and Land") proposed that diseases originate from environmental factors, not divine intervention
  • Greek communities practiced community sanitation
  • Romans improved on Greek sanitation, building aqueducts, sewers, and regulations for construction, refuse removal, and street cleaning
  • Hospitals were established initially as infirmaries for slaves and later as charitable organizations
  • The fall of the Roman Empire led to a cessation of most public health initiatives in 476 C.E.

Middle Ages (500-1500 C.E.)

  • The period from 500-1000 C.E. (Dark Ages) saw a shift towards spiritual explanations for health problems
  • The Bubonic Plague (Black Death) was the deadliest epidemic, caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria
  • Syphilis was another significant epidemic of the period

Renaissance and Exploration (1500-1700 C.E.)

  • Belief in environmental causes for disease, not spiritual ones
  • More accurate descriptions of symptoms and disease outcomes began to emerge
  • Recognition of diseases like whooping cough, typhus, scarlet fever, and malaria
  • Explorers, colonists, and merchants spread new diseases across the world during these periods of exploration.
  • 1662: John Graunt's observations on mortality rates began the field of vital statistics

18th Century

  • Industrial growth led to poor sanitation and overcrowding in workplaces
  • 1796: Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine

19th Century

  • 1854: John Snow linked cholera to contaminated water
  • 1862: Louis Pasteur proposed germ theory
  • The period from 1875-1900 is considered the bacteriological period in public health
  • Florence Nightingale's work in sanitation and nursing during the Crimean War (1853-1856) influenced public health practices

Modern Era of Public Health (1850-present)

  • The era of public health began in the mid-19th century
  • American colonization of the Philippines led to the establishment of the Board of Health, which later became the Department of Health.
  • 1948: establishment of the World Health Organization (WHO)
  • 1946: establishment of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, USA

Health

  • Health is a complex, multidimensional state defined as the complete physical, mental, and social well-being; not merely the absence of disease. This is based on a person's interaction and adaptation to their environment.

Community

  • Community is a group of individuals identified by geographic location, shared interests, experiences, concerns, or values
  • Communities are characterized by shared elements as well as individuals, including, membership, shared values and norms
  • Communities have a shared emotional connection, thus, mutual influence as well as a shared need to be addressed by the community
  • Traditionally, a community is defined by geography; however, in the context of public health, it is also based on common characteristics like interests, experiences, and values.

Community Health

  • Community health examines the health status of defined groups of people
  • Includes actions taken by governments, and private and non-governmental organizations
  • Addresses actions and conditions to improve, protect and maintain health

Population Health

  • Population health examines health outcomes for groups of people, including their distribution within those groups.

Global Health

  • Global health addresses health problems or issues that stretch beyond national borders
  • Health is best addressed with international cooperation and solutions relating to health consequences from occurrences within other countries.

Personal Health Activities

  • Includes individual actions and decisions affecting personal and immediate family members.
  • Examples: decisions regarding food choices, use of safety belts or regular physical check-ups

Community and Public Health Activities

  • Community activities protecting and improving population health.
  • Examples: maintaining accurate birth and death records, ensuring access to clean water and food

Factors Affecting Community Health

  • Social and cultural factors (beliefs, traditions, prejudices, socioeconomic status, politics, and religion).
  • Physical factors (geography, environment, size of community, urban design, transportation, waste and disease management, industrial development)
  • Individual behaviors (smoking, alcohol use, diet)
  • Community organization (mobilizing community resources to address public health problems)

Epidemiology

  • Epidemiology examines the distribution and determinants of disease within specified populations
  • Determines the occurrence and patterns of diseases based on time, place, and person
  • Epidemiologists investigate the causes and how to effectively control diseases and other public health related problems

Types of Epidemiologic Studies

  • Descriptive studies describe disease extent, patterns based on time, place, and person; these studies seek to answer the questions regarding "who, when, and where?"; These types of studies are designed to answer these important scientific questions
  • Analytic studies test hypotheses about relationships between health problems and risk factors.

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Public Health History PDF

Description

Explore the evolution of health practices from pre-historic times through the Classical Era and the Middle Ages. This quiz delves into the roles of shamans, Hippocrates' contributions, and the advancements made by the Greeks and Romans. Test your knowledge on how these practices shaped modern medicine and public health.

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