Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the WHO define as health?
What does the WHO define as health?
- A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being (correct)
- The absence of disease and infirmity
- A state that varies with age and gender
- Merely the absence of mental disorders
Which organization was established two years before the World Health Organization?
Which organization was established two years before the World Health Organization?
- American Medical Association
- International Red Cross
- United Nations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (correct)
What is NOT considered a determinant of health?
What is NOT considered a determinant of health?
- Gestational Endowments
- Behavioral Choices
- Marketing Strategies (correct)
- Environmental Conditions
Which of the following elements is NOT characteristic of a public health community?
Which of the following elements is NOT characteristic of a public health community?
Who was the first secretary of the Board of Health for the Philippine Islands?
Who was the first secretary of the Board of Health for the Philippine Islands?
What is the primary purpose of timely reporting of notifiable diseases?
What is the primary purpose of timely reporting of notifiable diseases?
Which disease is classified under Category I of notifiable diseases?
Which disease is classified under Category I of notifiable diseases?
Which of the following definitions best describes epidemiology?
Which of the following definitions best describes epidemiology?
According to Frost's definition, what aspect does epidemiology NOT concern itself with?
According to Frost's definition, what aspect does epidemiology NOT concern itself with?
What is NOT listed as a factor that epidemiology studies according to Leavell and Clark?
What is NOT listed as a factor that epidemiology studies according to Leavell and Clark?
What legislation governs the reporting of communicable diseases in the context given?
What legislation governs the reporting of communicable diseases in the context given?
Which of the following is NOT a disease categorized under Category II?
Which of the following is NOT a disease categorized under Category II?
What does the term 'epidemiology' literally translate to from its Greek roots?
What does the term 'epidemiology' literally translate to from its Greek roots?
What is the primary focus of epidemiology?
What is the primary focus of epidemiology?
Which notable figure is referred to as the 'Father of Medicine'?
Which notable figure is referred to as the 'Father of Medicine'?
Who is recognized as the 'Father of Modern Epidemiology'?
Who is recognized as the 'Father of Modern Epidemiology'?
What significant public health investigation was conducted by John Snow?
What significant public health investigation was conducted by John Snow?
What aspect did Fracastoro contribute to epidemiology?
What aspect did Fracastoro contribute to epidemiology?
What epidemic did Dr. Benjamin Rush study?
What epidemic did Dr. Benjamin Rush study?
What health practice from pre-historic times involved the ingestion of clay or earth?
What health practice from pre-historic times involved the ingestion of clay or earth?
Which of the following best describes the earliest applications of epidemiology?
Which of the following best describes the earliest applications of epidemiology?
What was a major contribution of Hippocrates to the field of medicine?
What was a major contribution of Hippocrates to the field of medicine?
John Graunt is known for his use of which methodology?
John Graunt is known for his use of which methodology?
Which major epidemic was caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis during the Middle Ages?
Which major epidemic was caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis during the Middle Ages?
What significant theory did John Snow establish through his work with cholera in 1854?
What significant theory did John Snow establish through his work with cholera in 1854?
Which of the following was a development during the Renaissance that improved understanding of diseases?
Which of the following was a development during the Renaissance that improved understanding of diseases?
What led to the decline of public health activities after the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 C.E.?
What led to the decline of public health activities after the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 C.E.?
Which public health advancement is Edward Jenner known for in 1796?
Which public health advancement is Edward Jenner known for in 1796?
During the 18th century, which issue was primarily caused by industrial growth?
During the 18th century, which issue was primarily caused by industrial growth?
What term describes a disease with a constant presence in a specific area?
What term describes a disease with a constant presence in a specific area?
Which property related to the agent is concerned with the variation in different host species?
Which property related to the agent is concerned with the variation in different host species?
Which model of disease causation illustrates the interaction as a balanced lever?
Which model of disease causation illustrates the interaction as a balanced lever?
What type of study is designed to answer the questions 'who, when, and where' about disease prevalence?
What type of study is designed to answer the questions 'who, when, and where' about disease prevalence?
In the context of host-related properties, which term refers to the ability of a pathogen to cause disease?
In the context of host-related properties, which term refers to the ability of a pathogen to cause disease?
Which epidemiologic model emphasizes that effects develop from chains of causation rather than a single cause?
Which epidemiologic model emphasizes that effects develop from chains of causation rather than a single cause?
Which agent-related property is critical for survival and reproduction in diverse environments?
Which agent-related property is critical for survival and reproduction in diverse environments?
Which aspect of virulence refers to the extent of illness caused by a disease?
Which aspect of virulence refers to the extent of illness caused by a disease?
What is a primary objective of epidemiology?
What is a primary objective of epidemiology?
Which term refers to the proportion of the population that has a health condition at a specific point in time?
Which term refers to the proportion of the population that has a health condition at a specific point in time?
What does the term 'frequency' in epidemiology refer to?
What does the term 'frequency' in epidemiology refer to?
Which of the following best describes 'incidence rate'?
Which of the following best describes 'incidence rate'?
What is the aim of epidemiology related to health?
What is the aim of epidemiology related to health?
In epidemiology, what is meant by 'age-adjusted rates'?
In epidemiology, what is meant by 'age-adjusted rates'?
Which of the following describes 'case fatality rate'?
Which of the following describes 'case fatality rate'?
What does the objective of epidemiology regarding public policy involve?
What does the objective of epidemiology regarding public policy involve?
Flashcards
Shamanism
Shamanism
A traditional healing practice that involves the use of spiritual beliefs, rituals, and natural remedies.
Geophagy
Geophagy
The ingestion of clay or earth for medicinal purposes.
Trepanation
Trepanation
A medical procedure that involves drilling a hole into the human skull.
Hippocrates
Hippocrates
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Miasma Theory
Miasma Theory
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Vaccination
Vaccination
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Germ Theory
Germ Theory
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Cholera and contaminated water
Cholera and contaminated water
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Bacteriological Period
Bacteriological Period
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What is Health?
What is Health?
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WHO's Definition of Health (1946)
WHO's Definition of Health (1946)
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Determinants of Health
Determinants of Health
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Community in Public Health
Community in Public Health
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Notifiable Diseases
Notifiable Diseases
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Republic Act No. 11332
Republic Act No. 11332
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Category I Notifiable Diseases
Category I Notifiable Diseases
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Category II Notifiable Diseases
Category II Notifiable Diseases
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Epidemiology
Epidemiology
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Goal of Epidemiology
Goal of Epidemiology
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Definition of Epidemiology (American Society of Epidemiology)
Definition of Epidemiology (American Society of Epidemiology)
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Definition of Epidemiology (Stallybrass)
Definition of Epidemiology (Stallybrass)
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Endemic
Endemic
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Epidemic
Epidemic
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Pandemic
Pandemic
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Sporadic
Sporadic
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Pathogenicity
Pathogenicity
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Virulence
Virulence
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Immunity
Immunity
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Viability
Viability
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What is epidemiology?
What is epidemiology?
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Oxford University Press definition of epidemiology
Oxford University Press definition of epidemiology
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Lilienfield's definition of epidemiology
Lilienfield's definition of epidemiology
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What is an epidemiologist?
What is an epidemiologist?
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What did Hippocrates suggest about disease?
What did Hippocrates suggest about disease?
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Who is considered the 'Father of Modern Epidemiology' and why?
Who is considered the 'Father of Modern Epidemiology' and why?
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What were early applications of epidemiology focused on?
What were early applications of epidemiology focused on?
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What did John Graunt do for epidemiology?
What did John Graunt do for epidemiology?
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Risk Factors
Risk Factors
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Incidence rate
Incidence rate
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Prevalence rate
Prevalence rate
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Case fatality rate
Case fatality rate
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Mortality rate
Mortality rate
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Crude rates
Crude rates
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Age-adjusted rates
Age-adjusted rates
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Study Notes
Pre-historic Times
- Health practices were tied to religious or spiritual beliefs
- Shamans (medicine men) were natural healers
- Geophagy involved ingestion of clay or earth
- Trepanation was drilling a hole into the skull
Classical Culture (500 B.C.E.-500 C.E.)
- Hippocrates, considered the "Father of Medicine," significantly contributed to the professionalization of medicine
- "De Aere, Aquis Et Locis" ("Of Air, Water, and Land") proposed that diseases originate from environmental factors, not divine intervention
- Greek communities practiced community sanitation
- Romans improved on Greek sanitation, building aqueducts, sewers, and regulations for construction, refuse removal, and street cleaning
- Hospitals were established initially as infirmaries for slaves and later as charitable organizations
- The fall of the Roman Empire led to a cessation of most public health initiatives in 476 C.E.
Middle Ages (500-1500 C.E.)
- The period from 500-1000 C.E. (Dark Ages) saw a shift towards spiritual explanations for health problems
- The Bubonic Plague (Black Death) was the deadliest epidemic, caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria
- Syphilis was another significant epidemic of the period
Renaissance and Exploration (1500-1700 C.E.)
- Belief in environmental causes for disease, not spiritual ones
- More accurate descriptions of symptoms and disease outcomes began to emerge
- Recognition of diseases like whooping cough, typhus, scarlet fever, and malaria
- Explorers, colonists, and merchants spread new diseases across the world during these periods of exploration.
- 1662: John Graunt's observations on mortality rates began the field of vital statistics
18th Century
- Industrial growth led to poor sanitation and overcrowding in workplaces
- 1796: Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine
19th Century
- 1854: John Snow linked cholera to contaminated water
- 1862: Louis Pasteur proposed germ theory
- The period from 1875-1900 is considered the bacteriological period in public health
- Florence Nightingale's work in sanitation and nursing during the Crimean War (1853-1856) influenced public health practices
Modern Era of Public Health (1850-present)
- The era of public health began in the mid-19th century
- American colonization of the Philippines led to the establishment of the Board of Health, which later became the Department of Health.
- 1948: establishment of the World Health Organization (WHO)
- 1946: establishment of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, USA
Health
- Health is a complex, multidimensional state defined as the complete physical, mental, and social well-being; not merely the absence of disease. This is based on a person's interaction and adaptation to their environment.
Community
- Community is a group of individuals identified by geographic location, shared interests, experiences, concerns, or values
- Communities are characterized by shared elements as well as individuals, including, membership, shared values and norms
- Communities have a shared emotional connection, thus, mutual influence as well as a shared need to be addressed by the community
- Traditionally, a community is defined by geography; however, in the context of public health, it is also based on common characteristics like interests, experiences, and values.
Community Health
- Community health examines the health status of defined groups of people
- Includes actions taken by governments, and private and non-governmental organizations
- Addresses actions and conditions to improve, protect and maintain health
Population Health
- Population health examines health outcomes for groups of people, including their distribution within those groups.
Global Health
- Global health addresses health problems or issues that stretch beyond national borders
- Health is best addressed with international cooperation and solutions relating to health consequences from occurrences within other countries.
Personal Health Activities
- Includes individual actions and decisions affecting personal and immediate family members.
- Examples: decisions regarding food choices, use of safety belts or regular physical check-ups
Community and Public Health Activities
- Community activities protecting and improving population health.
- Examples: maintaining accurate birth and death records, ensuring access to clean water and food
Factors Affecting Community Health
- Social and cultural factors (beliefs, traditions, prejudices, socioeconomic status, politics, and religion).
- Physical factors (geography, environment, size of community, urban design, transportation, waste and disease management, industrial development)
- Individual behaviors (smoking, alcohol use, diet)
- Community organization (mobilizing community resources to address public health problems)
Epidemiology
- Epidemiology examines the distribution and determinants of disease within specified populations
- Determines the occurrence and patterns of diseases based on time, place, and person
- Epidemiologists investigate the causes and how to effectively control diseases and other public health related problems
Types of Epidemiologic Studies
- Descriptive studies describe disease extent, patterns based on time, place, and person; these studies seek to answer the questions regarding "who, when, and where?"; These types of studies are designed to answer these important scientific questions
- Analytic studies test hypotheses about relationships between health problems and risk factors.
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Description
Explore the evolution of health practices from pre-historic times through the Classical Era and the Middle Ages. This quiz delves into the roles of shamans, Hippocrates' contributions, and the advancements made by the Greeks and Romans. Test your knowledge on how these practices shaped modern medicine and public health.