Psychology of Women Chapter 5

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary mission of HBCUs?

To promote women's rights exclusively

To train and educate Black people (correct)

To prepare students for international studies

To provide general education for all races

When were the majority of HBCUs established?

Before 1800

1865 to 1900 (correct)

1901 to 1950

1970 to 1990

Why do Black college students often choose HBCUs?

For international collaborations

For primarily race-related reasons (correct)

For athletic scholarships

For their affordability

Which two historically Black colleges for women are mentioned?

Bennett College and Spelman College Signup and view all the answers

What significant impact do women’s HBCUs have on their graduates?

They increase likelihood of advanced degrees Signup and view all the answers

What societal fears contributed to the establishment of HBCUs?

Fear of Black individuals learning to read and write Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary?

It received support from a Baptist organization Signup and view all the answers

What barriers do Black students face at predominantly white institutions (PWIs)?

Racial insensitivity and isolation Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do Black women doctoral students commonly face regarding their admission to graduate programs?

Assumptions of entitlement due to affirmative action Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'hidden curriculum' in the context of Black women doctoral students?

Unwritten rules on how to act and thrive in graduate school Signup and view all the answers

How does intrinsic motivation influence Black women doctoral students?

It encourages behaviors aimed at personal rewards. Signup and view all the answers

What common feelings do Black women graduate students often experience in their programs?

Invisibility and isolation Signup and view all the answers

What psychological phenomenon may negatively impact the academic adjustment of Black women in doctoral programs?

Imposter phenomenon Signup and view all the answers

What significant milestone did Claudine Gay achieve in her career?

She was the first Black woman president of Harvard University. Signup and view all the answers

According to research by Jean-Marie and Normore, what was a key focus for Black women leaders at HBCUs?

Engaging in practices associated with social justice. Signup and view all the answers

What impact do Black women college presidents feel compared to their White counterparts?

They perceive more strict standards of performance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following consequences can result from the double bind of racial and gender discrimination faced by Black women faculty?

Negative impact on student course evaluations. Signup and view all the answers

What typically affects tenure and promotion decisions for assistant professors?

Evaluation by professors in the same field and senior administrators. Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely consequence for faculty denied tenure at their institution?

They will have to leave the institution. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a common misconception about Black women faculty?

They face perceptions of being aggressive. Signup and view all the answers

What primary challenge is often faced by Black women in higher education leadership roles?

Increased scrutiny and discrimination compared to White women. Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique aspect of the relationships Black women have with their professors at women’s HBCUs compared to PWIs?

More positive relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a womanist approach's impact on Black women's experiences in higher education?

It validates their experiences of oppression. Signup and view all the answers

What does the womanist approach recommend to help Black college women combat the imposter phenomenon?

Cultivate validating connections with other Black women. Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a component of using a womanist approach to address the imposter phenomenon?

Focusing on traditional academic success metrics. Signup and view all the answers

In what way does a womanist approach aim to change the narrative for Black women in higher education?

By empowering them to rewrite controlling images. Signup and view all the answers

What benefits do Black women's colleges offer to their students?

A culture of belonging and leadership opportunities Signup and view all the answers

How do stereotypes affect the self-perception of Black girls?

They can lead to feelings of inadequacy Signup and view all the answers

What is a common perception of Black girls in academic settings?

They are often perceived as threatening and loud Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of the 'acting White' accusation among Black adolescents?

A potential rejection of pro-achievement behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What does the Black girls’ literacies framework emphasize?

Reading and writing as tools for community and social change Signup and view all the answers

What issue contributes to the underdiagnosis of ADHD among Black girls?

Generalized perceptions of personality styles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the influence of Black women educators?

They take on an 'other-mother identity' and foster community connections Signup and view all the answers

What can be a psychological effect of discrimination faced by Black girls at predominantly white schools?

Mental and emotional challenges Signup and view all the answers

How does social reproduction theory relate to Black girls' education?

It indicates schools exaggerate preexisting societal inequalities Signup and view all the answers

What concept describes the tendency of Black youth to develop a strong identity opposing mainstream achievement?

Oppositional identity Signup and view all the answers

What role do traditions at Black women's colleges play?

They foster a sense of belonging Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hypervisible' refer to regarding Black girls with disabilities?

Being overlooked while still facing scrutiny Signup and view all the answers

What do Black women's colleges contribute to the educational environment?

Encouragement of campus involvement and role modeling Signup and view all the answers

How are Black girls often disciplined in comparison to their peers?

They experience harsher discipline Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

History and Mission of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)

HBCUs were established to formally educate Black people, including Black girls and women, starting in the mid-1800s.
Many HBCUs were established between 1865 and 1900.
The mission of HBCUs was to train and educate Black people.
Black college students choose HBCUs for reasons related to race, such as racial makeup and racial identity development.
HBCUs, especially women's HBCUs, offer an attractive option for Black students due to the barriers they face at predominantly white institutions (PWIs), like racial insensitivity and isolation.
HBCUs have positive academic and career outcomes for graduates.

Historically Black Women's Colleges

Spelman College, founded in 1881, and Bennett College, in Greensboro, North Carolina, are the two remaining historically Black women's colleges in the U.S.
Black women HBCU graduates have higher rates of advanced degrees and leadership positions compared to Black women at coed HBCUs and PWIs.
These colleges create a culture of traditions that fosters a sense of belonging, offering sisterhood, career and leadership opportunities.
They provide support systems and identity-relevant benefits that increase enrollment and retention for Black women.
Women's HBCUs cultivate a learning environment that encourages self-understanding, positive role models, and campus involvement.

Educational Experiences of Black Girls

Black girls often face stereotypes and microaggressions that impact their self-worth.
Research suggests that Black girls may be perceived as a threat to authority, lacking ladylike behavior, and being loud.
Social reproduction theory explains how schools perpetuate and amplify inequalities experienced by students due to race and gender oppression.
Black girls in predominantly white K-12 spaces may experience mental and emotional distress, with some facing discrimination and mistreatment.
Black girls face lower academic achievement and harsher school discipline compared to white girls.
Black girls are often perceived as being less innocent and "more adult-like" than their white counterparts.
Black youth may adopt an oppositional identity, rejecting pro-achievement behaviors, as a response to perceived White dominance in the academic sphere.
Social comparison, which begins in early school years, can impact how Black girls perceive themselves and their abilities in relation to others.
The "acting White" accusation is used to describe Black adolescents who embrace aspects of Whiteness in their behavior, identity, or choices.

Impact of Ability on Black Girls' Educational Experiences

Black girls with disabilities face triple marginalization due to their race, gender, and disability identities.
ADHD is often underdiagnosed and undertreated in Black girls due to healthcare inequities and lack of understanding about symptoms.
The Black girls' literacies framework aims to address the educational needs of Black girls with learning disabilities, emphasizing the importance of reading, writing, and community engagement.

Influence of Black Educators

Black women educators can have a positive impact on their students, serving as 'other-mothers' who provide support, mentorship, and guidance.
Black women in higher education leadership face scrutiny and often experience anti-Blackness and systemic racism, impacting their access to positions of power.
Black women leaders in HBCUs prioritize social justice, community uplift, and student success.
Research shows that Black women college presidents face stricter performance expectations than their white counterparts due to societal perceptions and biases.
Black women faculty face discrimination, being perceived as less intelligent, less capable, and more aggressive, impacting their evaluations and advancement opportunities.

Black Women in Doctoral Programs

Black women doctoral students face unique challenges, including assumptions of affirmative action, lowered standards, and a chilly reception from peers and faculty.
Black women graduate students navigate a hidden curriculum composed of unwritten rules about how to behave and succeed.
Black women graduate students often experience invisibility, isolation, marginalization, exclusion, lack of resources, tokenism, and inadequate mentorship.

Factors Influencing Academic Adjustment for Black Women

Motivation: Black women are motivated by intrinsic factors, with confidence playing a key role.
Mentorship: Black women educators can provide academic guidance, career advice, emotional support, and guidance on navigating racial and gender complexities.
Religion/Spirituality: Religion and spirituality can be sources of strength and resilience for Black women.
Imposter Phenomenon (IP): Black women often experience internalized doubt and self-deprecating thoughts about their competence, despite evidence of success.

Counteracting the Imposter Phenomenon

Womanist Approach: This framework acknowledges the intersection of race, gender, and marginalization in the lives of Black women and empowers them to challenge negative stereotypes and narratives.
A womanist approach addresses IP by:
- Building supportive relationships among Black women
- Encouraging reflection on experiences of empowerment
- Fostering social justice activism and community service

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Description

This quiz explores the history and mission of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), emphasizing their role in the education of Black individuals, particularly women. Learn about notable institutions like Spelman and Bennett Colleges, and understand the unique benefits these colleges offer to Black students in fostering racial identity and academic success.