History of Evolution: Philosophical Theories

Thomas Malthus advocated for increasing the number of children to balance out the standard of living.

According to Titus Lucretius, everything remains stagnant and motionless.

Adam Smith's theory contradicted the concept of Intelligent Design proposed by William Paley.

Comte de Buffon observed that animals had different features such as multiple legs and eyes.

James Usser determined that the world was created in 4004 BC based on geological evidence.

William Paley used a stone as an example of something meaningful and organized since it has a design.

According to Adam Smith, good economic systems require strict rules and regulations to function effectively.

Thomas Malthus believed that human populations experience consistent levels of standard living over time.

Charles Lyell believed in Catastrophism.

James Hutton is known for developing the theory of Uniformitarianism.

Alfred Russel Wallace's work inspired Charles Darwin to write 'On the Origin of Species'.

Georges Cuvier supported the idea of species changing through biological evolution.

Linnaeus is best known for his contributions to the field of genetics.

Chronometric Dating techniques can determine the exact age of artifacts.

James Lamarch's theory of genetics focused on acquired characteristics passing on to offspring.

Potassium Argon dating can be used to estimate the age of volcanic ash deposits.

Homo sapiens sapiens have a lower focus on the cerebellum compared to Neanderthals.

Neanderthals traveled long distances and had large groups with developed language.

Modern Homo sapiens sapiens have high and round skulls.

Neanderthals had larger brains, practiced proactive aggression, and were nomadic travelers.

Dimitri Balyayev's experiment proved that domestication over time can lead to animals with larger teeth.

Homo sapiens sapiens are considered to be domesticated Neanderthals due to increased paedomorphic characteristics.

The main traits of a hominin include obligate bipedalism, brain enlargement and reorganization, and knuckle-walking.

Africanus has a cranial capacity of about 800 cc.

Sulcus is located in front of the eyes.

Australopithecus africanus had a small cranial capacity.

Paranthropus robustus had a cranial capacity larger than that of Australopithecus africanus.

Homo erectus had a parabolic-shaped mandible.

Lucy, an Australopithecus afarensis, was found by Eugene Dubois in Java, Indonesia.

Multi-regional continuity theory suggests that populations were isolated and did not share genetics.

Homo heidelbergensis is an ancestor of Homo erectus.

Mitochondrial Eve refers to the common ancestor of all modern humans who lived around 140/130 thousand years ago.

Paleobotany is the study of rocks and minerals.

Piltdown man was a genuine fossil find that supported early hominin evolution.

The Taung Baby refers to the first adult Australopithecus africanus fossil found.

The Multi-regional continuity model of human evolution is based on mtDNA.

Thermos Luminescence dating can be done on materials that can't be heated.

Faunal correlation/Bio stratigraphy helps determine the time of construction of artifacts.

Electronic Spin Resonance dating involves a magnetic blip of electrical response.

Fossils can contain DNA for analysis by paleontologists.

Titus Lucretius believed that everything is in constant change and motion.

James Usser determined that the world was created in 4004 BC based on geological evidence.

William Paley argued for Intelligent Design based on the concept of organized design in biological organisms.

Adam Smith believed that a good economic system requires strict rules and regulations.

Thomas Malthus suggested that human populations experience consistent levels of standard living over time.

Comte de Buffon observed uniformity among animals, such as having four legs and two eyes.

William Paley's example of a stone emphasized its design and meaningful organization.

Adam Smith's economic theory directly contradicted the concept of Natural Theology proposed by William Paley.

A volcanic eruption can be dated by examining the ash tuffs found above and below fossils.

Thermos Luminescence can be used to date materials like shells and teeth that cannot be heated.

All stones contain iron that aligns to the north when heated to 500 degrees centigrade.

Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating is done on materials that can be heated, such as pottery.

Faunal correlation helps in determining the evolutionary morphologic evolution of animal species.

Taphonomy investigates the natural processes that happen to organic bones after death.

Paleobotany primarily focuses on studying seeds and stems.

The Piltdown man was a genuine fossil find that supported early hominin evolution.

Homo sapiens sapiens and Neanderthals mated, leading to the creation of a new species.

Dimitri Balyayev's experiment involved silver foxes that were allowed to mate only with more aggressive foxes.

Neanderthals had a higher focus on the cerebellum compared to Homo sapiens sapiens.

Neanderthals had larger groups with developed language.

Homo-Sapiens sapiens have a low vault with the brain coming above the eyes.

Hominid refers to all living humans and their ancestors.

Bipedalism is a main trait of hominins.

Knuckle walking is a trait of Modern African Apes.

Georges Cuvier was a strong supporter of the theory of evolution through natural selection.

James Hutton is credited with the development of the theory of Catastrophism.

Paranthropus robustus had a smaller cranial capacity compared to Australopithecus africanus.

Bipedality was a characteristic observed in Pithecanthropus erectus.

Charles Darwin's theory of Natural Selection was greatly influenced by the work of Georges Cuvier.

Linnaeus' taxonomic system is based on the theory of acquired characteristics passing on to offspring.

Neanderthals had a chin, unlike Homo hostranacta which lacked one.

Alfred Russel Wallace collected animal fossils for museums and lost his work when a ship sank.

Homo ergaster is an early form of Homo erectus.

Australopithecus africanus had long arms compared to legs.

Uniformitarianism, initially brought up by Buffon, was fully developed and put together by Charles Lyell.

Chronometric Dating techniques can provide an exact age for artifacts in thousands of years.

Lucy, an Australopithecus afarensis, was discovered in Taung South Africa by Raymond Dart.

James Lamarch's theory on genetics focused on phenotypes changing due to genetic mutations.

Multi-regional continuity theory suggests that populations were isolated and did not share genetics.

The Foramen Magnum of Australopithecus afarensis was located towards the back of the skull.

Taung Baby was the first adult Australopithecus found by Robert Broom.

Eugene Debois found a skull cap and femur belonging to Pithecantropus erectus in Java in the 1890s.

David Black was the first person to discover Sinanthropus pekinsus in Beijing, dated at 400 thousand years.

In the 1930s, pithecanthropus erectus and Sinanthropus pekinsus were found to be similar, leading to the classification of Homo erectus.

The Piltdown man fossils showed a big brain and modern dentition, leading to their acceptance as early hominins.

Robert Broom discovered Paranthropus Robustus.

Homo hostranacta had a chin, unlike Neanderthals who lacked one.

Australopithecus africanus had a larger cranial capacity than Paranthropus robustus.

Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens mated, leading to the creation of a new species.

Charles Lyell believed in Catastrophism.

Homo erectus had a parabolic-shaped mandible.

The Multi-regional continuity theory suggests that populations shared genetics and were not isolated.

Linnaeus' taxonomic system is based on the theory of acquired characteristics passing on to offspring.