History of Epidemiology: William Farr (1838 – 1883)
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Questions and Answers

What is the prevalence of HIV in the general population?

  • 6,600 per 5,800,000 persons
  • 3,600 per 200,000 persons
  • 1.14 per 1000 persons
  • 18 per 1000 persons (correct)

What is the prevalence of HIV among Men who have Sex with Men (MSM)?

  • 1.14 per 1000 persons (correct)
  • 3,600 per 200,000 persons
  • 6,600 per 5,800,000 persons
  • 18 per 1000 persons

What is the Attack Rate (AR) formula used in a disease outbreak?

  • Number of cases during outbreak / Total population
  • Total population / Number of cases during outbreak
  • Number of cases during outbreak / Population at risk (correct)
  • Population at risk / Number of cases during outbreak

In the context of a disease outbreak, what does Attack Rate measure?

<p>Proportion of the population that develops the disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Oswego county outbreak of 1940, what was the Attack Rate for individuals who ate vanilla ice cream?

<p>80% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Attack Rate for individuals who did NOT eat ice cream in the Oswego county outbreak of 1940?

<p>14% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of study is also known as an 'interrupted time series' study?

<p>Controlled before-and-after study (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 'Doctors study' by Doll and Hill, which of the following diseases was NOT found to be more common among smokers?

<p>Influenza (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating a rate?

<p>$\frac{A}{t}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the probability of an event occurring, essentially a proportion of cases to people at risk?

<p>Risk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'Hazard' in epidemiology refers to what?

<p>Instantaneous probability of an event happening at time t (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating a proportion?

<p>$\frac{A}{B}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary contribution of William Farr in the field of epidemiology?

<p>He systematized the collection, study, and reporting of vital statistics data, including routinely collecting the cause of death. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about John Snow is correct?

<p>He was an English anesthesiologist who administered chloroform to Queen Victoria during childbirth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the prevailing theory for cholera during the 19th century?

<p>The miasma theory, which proposed that cholera was caused by a cloud of foul air. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals subscribed to the miasma theory of cholera?

<p>William Farr (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pattern of deaths during an epidemic did William Farr describe?

<p>The bell-shaped curve pattern (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about John Snow's investigation of the 1854 cholera outbreak in Soho, London, is correct?

<p>He conducted his investigation without knowledge of the causative agent of cholera or the germ theory of disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of direct age standardization in comparing mortality rates between different populations?

<p>To apply age-specific rates to a common population for comparison (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which infectious disease has a very rare occurrence and a significantly high Case Fatality Rate (CFR)?

<p>Ebola (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the text mention the need for standardization in comparing mortality rates?

<p>To emphasize the importance of adjusting for age differences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of a disease indicate?

<p>The proportion of cases that lead to death (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does direct age standardization help in comparing mortality rates?

<p>By removing the impact of age differences on mortality rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between incidence rate, Case Fatality Rate (CFR), and Mortality rate?

<p>Mortality rate = Incidence rate × CFR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the attack rate of diarrhea among the individuals who attended the church supper in Oswego county in 1940?

<p>61% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people who ate vanilla ice cream at the church supper fell ill with diarrhea?

<p>80% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the attack rate of diarrhea among individuals who did NOT eat ice cream at the church supper?

<p>14% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example provided in 2020, what was the COVID-19 mortality rate in the country with a population of 10,700,000?

<p>0.65% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Case Fatality Rate (CFR) represent?

<p>Proportion of deaths among people with a certain disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which measure uses ill persons as the denominator for calculating deaths?

<p>Case Fatality Rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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