30 Questions
What is the prevalence of HIV in the general population?
18 per 1000 persons
What is the prevalence of HIV among Men who have Sex with Men (MSM)?
1.14 per 1000 persons
What is the Attack Rate (AR) formula used in a disease outbreak?
Number of cases during outbreak / Population at risk
In the context of a disease outbreak, what does Attack Rate measure?
Proportion of the population that develops the disease
In the Oswego county outbreak of 1940, what was the Attack Rate for individuals who ate vanilla ice cream?
80%
What was the Attack Rate for individuals who did NOT eat ice cream in the Oswego county outbreak of 1940?
14%
What type of study is also known as an 'interrupted time series' study?
Controlled before-and-after study
In the 'Doctors study' by Doll and Hill, which of the following diseases was NOT found to be more common among smokers?
Influenza
What is the formula for calculating a rate?
$\frac{A}{t}$
Which term refers to the probability of an event occurring, essentially a proportion of cases to people at risk?
Risk
The term 'Hazard' in epidemiology refers to what?
Instantaneous probability of an event happening at time t
What is the formula for calculating a proportion?
$\frac{A}{B}$
What was the primary contribution of William Farr in the field of epidemiology?
He systematized the collection, study, and reporting of vital statistics data, including routinely collecting the cause of death.
Which of the following statements about John Snow is correct?
He was an English anesthesiologist who administered chloroform to Queen Victoria during childbirth.
What was the prevailing theory for cholera during the 19th century?
The miasma theory, which proposed that cholera was caused by a cloud of foul air.
Which of the following individuals subscribed to the miasma theory of cholera?
William Farr
What pattern of deaths during an epidemic did William Farr describe?
The bell-shaped curve pattern
Which of the following statements about John Snow's investigation of the 1854 cholera outbreak in Soho, London, is correct?
He conducted his investigation without knowledge of the causative agent of cholera or the germ theory of disease.
What is the purpose of direct age standardization in comparing mortality rates between different populations?
To apply age-specific rates to a common population for comparison
Which infectious disease has a very rare occurrence and a significantly high Case Fatality Rate (CFR)?
Ebola
Why does the text mention the need for standardization in comparing mortality rates?
To emphasize the importance of adjusting for age differences
What does the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of a disease indicate?
The proportion of cases that lead to death
How does direct age standardization help in comparing mortality rates?
By removing the impact of age differences on mortality rates
Which statement best describes the relationship between incidence rate, Case Fatality Rate (CFR), and Mortality rate?
Mortality rate = Incidence rate × CFR
What was the attack rate of diarrhea among the individuals who attended the church supper in Oswego county in 1940?
61%
What percentage of people who ate vanilla ice cream at the church supper fell ill with diarrhea?
80%
What was the attack rate of diarrhea among individuals who did NOT eat ice cream at the church supper?
14%
In the example provided in 2020, what was the COVID-19 mortality rate in the country with a population of 10,700,000?
0.65%
What does Case Fatality Rate (CFR) represent?
Proportion of deaths among people with a certain disease
Which measure uses ill persons as the denominator for calculating deaths?
Case Fatality Rate
Explore the life and contributions of William Farr, known as the 'Compiler of Abstracts' at the General Register Office in England. Learn how he systematized the collection, study, and reporting of vital statistics data, and described the 'bell-shaped curve pattern' of deaths during an epidemic.
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