History of English Language Teaching Methods

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary aims of CLIL in relation to communication skills?

To focus solely on language grammar.

To enhance written communication exclusively.

To develop fluency in immediate speaking across cultures. (correct)

To eliminate the use of idioms in conversation.

Which of the following best describes the concept of eclecticism in teaching?

Adopting only the latest methods in language teaching.

Focusing only on one method regardless of context.

Selecting appropriate techniques from various teaching methods. (correct)

Integrating all previous teaching methods without consideration.

Which competence does CLIL specifically aim to develop in learners?

Independence from peers in language learning.

Strict adherence to formal language only.

Avoidance of multicultural interactions.

Awareness of real daily life language and expressions. (correct)

In the context of CLIL, what does the concept of 'flexibility' refer to?

Learners' capability to work with diverse backgrounds and adapt. Signup and view all the answers

What role does cultural awareness play in communication according to the content?

It enhances understanding and appreciation of different cultures. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Grammar-Translation Method primarily focus on in language teaching?

Reading and writing skills Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Direct Method in language teaching?

Focus on natural immersion and conversation Signup and view all the answers

Which method is typically associated with the time period of the 1970s-1980s?

Natural Method Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes an approach in language teaching?

It indicates what to teach and may incorporate multiple methods. Signup and view all the answers

From which period is the Task-Based Learning (TBL) method recognized as a modern approach?

1985-Now Signup and view all the answers

What is a major characteristic of the Grammar-Translation Method?

Deductive teaching of grammar from rules to practice. Signup and view all the answers

What does Second Language Acquisition (SLA) focus on?

Natural absorption of language through exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods emphasizes grammar and syntax heavily?

Grammar-Translation Method Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of a negative sentence in the Simple Future tense?

Subject + WON’T + verb Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with the advocacy of Humanistic Approaches in language learning during the 1970s-1980s?

Earl Stevick Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Suggestopedia as a teaching method?

Creating a relaxed and independent learning environment Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the Silent Way method?

It encourages complete silence from both teachers and students Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Total Physical Response (TPR)?

Involvement of physical activities to reinforce learning Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested by the idea that 'students assimilate best when they speak about themselves'?

Learning is more effective with personal connections to content Signup and view all the answers

How does Suggestopedia utilize music in its teaching approach?

To encourage relaxation and facilitate brain wave activity Signup and view all the answers

What does the method of Suggestopedia derive mainly from?

George Lozanov's theory on the human brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Direct Method in language learning?

Exclusive use of the target language in interactions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Audio-Lingual Method?

Grammar taught inductively. Signup and view all the answers

In the Direct Method, how is vocabulary primarily introduced?

Using demonstrations, objects, and pictures. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main historical catalyst for the development of the Audio-Lingual Method?

A need for oral proficiency during World War II. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main teaching approach to grammar in the Direct Method?

Grammar is taught inductively. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skills is sequenced last in the Audio-Lingual Method?

Writing. Signup and view all the answers

How does the Direct Method approach the teaching of pronunciation?

Correct pronunciation is heavily emphasized. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the structure of the Audio-Lingual Method?

It presents language as a series of structures. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the teacher in the Total Physical Response (TPR) method?

To minimize speaking and encourage student output Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the nature of language acquisition, according to Stephen Krashen?

It can occur without deliberate focus on language rules. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Task-Based Learning (TBL)?

Completion of meaningful tasks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods promotes student interaction through games and physical responses?

Total Physical Response Signup and view all the answers

In the context of TBLT, what is the student's responsibility during classroom tasks?

To request the language needed for the task Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist is associated with the concept of the teacher as a 'director of a stage play' in the language learning process?

James Asher Signup and view all the answers

What best describes 'communicative tasks' within the Task-Based Approach?

Real-life communication practice centered on tasks Signup and view all the answers

Which early educational method emphasized learners producing language with minimal teacher input?

Total Physical Response Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the first phase of TBL implementation?

Engaging students and setting expectations Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the purpose of CLIL?

To use a foreign language as a medium for teaching specific subjects Signup and view all the answers

Who coined the term 'CLIL' and when?

David Marsh and Anne Maljers in 1994 Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym '4Cs' in CLIL refer to?

Content, Communication, Cognition, Culture Signup and view all the answers

In CLIL, what is the significance of developing a 'lingua franca'?

To facilitate communication between nations with common understanding Signup and view all the answers

How does CLIL differ from traditional language immersion?

It integrates specific subject matter with language instruction Signup and view all the answers

Which method is emphasized in CLIL to enhance learning?

Project-based collaborative learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the third phase of TBL implementation?

Checking and analyzing the accuracy of work Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

U2. A Brief History of Language Teaching

The presentation covers a historical overview of English language teaching methods.
Different methods and approaches to teaching English language are examined, ranging from the Grammar-Translation Method to the modern Integrated Teacher.
Numerous methods and approaches to language instruction are discussed, including specific dates and theorists when possible.

1850s-1950s: Grammar-Translation Method
1970s-1980s: Natural Method
1890s-now: Direct Method
1960s-1970s (USA): Audiolingual & Structuralist methods
1970s-1980s: Humanistic approaches
1970s-now: Second Language Acquisition (SLA)
1985-Now: Task-Based Learning (TBL)
1990s: Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)
The modern Integrated Teacher

Theories and Methods of Teaching and Learning

Method: A systematic way of doing something, usually involving steps, explaining how to teach.
Approach: More focused on practical teaching, specifying what to teach, often using multiple methods.

1850s-1950s: Grammar-Translation Method

Language was taught as a set of grammatical rules, primarily drawing from classical languages like Latin and Greek.
Grammar rules were explained, and example sentences illustrated the theory.
Speaking and listening were less important compared to reading and writing.
Translation was a central feature of this method.
Vocabulary was presented in lists, often translated.

1850s-1950s: Grammar-Translation Method (Major Characteristics)

Native language initially was often used as a teaching medium, except for translation purposes.
Translated vocabulary lists were common with little emphasis on composition.
Reading and writing were the primary focus of classroom activities, with minimal instruction in listening or speaking.
Grammar and syntax were paramount in language learning, often taught deductively ("rules to practice").

1970s-1980s: The Natural Method

Founded by Tracy Terrell, with the aid of Stephen Krashen.
The focus was on communication rather than grammar rules.
Child language acquisition was emphasized.
Key elements include: communicative focus, comprehensible input, and kinesthetic activities.
Textbooks weren't always used, and the teacher played a crucial role in making the learning experience engaging.

1970s-1980s: The Natural Method (Methodology)

Instructors focused only on the target language.
Activities centered around input acquisition.
Grammar errors weren't corrected immediately while teaching, but lessons incorporated grammar exercises.
The goal was mastering communication and acquisition rather than solely learning grammar rules.
Reading and listening comprehension were important to beginners.

1890s-Now: Direct Method

Developed as a response to grammar-translation methods.
L2 learning was aligned with L1 learning, prioritizing spontaneous use and avoiding translation or analysis of grammatical rules.
Classroom interaction was entirely in the target language.
Primarily focused on spoken communication skills like listening and speaking.
Daily vocabulary and sentences were taught.
Grammatical phrases were introduced in specific situations.
Clear progression in building communication skills.
Vocabulary was taught inductively, and new teaching points were presented orally.

Specific to Berlitz Chain of Schools

Pioneered by Maximilian Berlitz, his teaching method is still used today under the Berlitz International schools.

1960s-1970s (USA): Audiolingual Method & Structural Method

An approach rooted in World War II's need for oral proficiency in various languages.
A scientifically-based method, drawing on behaviorist psychology (stimulus-response learning).
Focus on structures (a new science of linguistics), recognizing language as a set of structures.
Vocabulary is learned in context, linked to grammatical structures.
Skills development is ordered: listening, speaking, reading and writing, usually with guided practice exercises.
Includes written activities such as gap-filling and multiple-choice exercises.

1960s-1970s (USA): Audiolingual Method & Structural Method (Example Exercises)

Using substitution activities to develop grammatical patterns, using appropriate verb forms.

1960s-1970s (USA): Audiolingual Method & Structural Method (Contextual Learning)

Focus on learning language in relation to specific events or situations.

Suggestopedia

A humanistic approach based on George Lozanov's theory.
Emphasized relaxation and learner autonomy in the learning process.
Music plays a crucial role in creating a conducive atmosphere.
Materials may involve translation into the students' native language.

The Silent Way

Developed by Caleb Gattegno, it emphasized learner-centered language learning in a silent classroom environment.
Learners are guided to discover language patterns and rules through exploration, interaction, and self-correction.
Minimal teacher intervention to promote independent knowledge acquisition.
Physical demonstration and use of objects are often included in instruction.

Total Physical Response (TPR)

Developed by James Asher, TPR is learner-centered, emphasizing a strong correlation between physical actions and language acquisition.
Learning is achieved through physical activities and motor skills.
The instructor plays a role in guiding a type of language learning through play.

1970s-Now: Second Language Acquisition (SLA) Method

An emphasis on immersion in a language learning environment created for complete communicative understanding.
Language learning happens subconsciously, while language teaching is more formal, thus being a conscious process.
Acquiring new languages focuses on creating authentic communication experiences.

1985-Now: Task-Based Learning (TBL)

The main focus is fulfilling meaningful tasks that use various language skills (reading, writing, listening, and speaking).
Methodology emerged from general and business English teaching.
Learners use the language they need to complete the specific task or tasks they are presented.

1990s-Now: Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)

A methodology combining content and language.
Learners gain knowledge of a subject while also learning a new language.
The aim is to enhance communication abilities and cultural understanding through topical subject matter.

2002: The Modern Integrated Teacher

Teachers are able to select methods from different approaches to fulfill their learners' needs and learning styles.
Methods are chosen using the principles of "eclecticism" and "integration": Combining and integrating various approaches for personalized learning.

Additional Information

The presentation includes instructions or exercises for learners to use and practice certain language skills.
It includes links for videos exemplifying different learning methods.

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Description

This quiz provides a historical overview of various methods used in English language teaching from the Grammar-Translation Method of the 1850s to modern approaches like Task-Based Learning and Content and Language Integrated Learning. It covers significant shifts and theorists in language instruction over the decades.