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Questions and Answers
What was the common practice for infants with disabilities in ancient Greece?
What was the common practice for infants with disabilities in ancient Greece?
What did Aristotle advocate regarding children with deformities?
What did Aristotle advocate regarding children with deformities?
During which historical period did the first institutions for individuals with disabilities develop?
During which historical period did the first institutions for individuals with disabilities develop?
What was considered the primary factor that made someone human according to Jean Marc Itard?
What was considered the primary factor that made someone human according to Jean Marc Itard?
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What type of eugenics is exemplified by Hitler's genocide of individuals with disabilities?
What type of eugenics is exemplified by Hitler's genocide of individuals with disabilities?
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What were 'idiot cages' used for during the Middle Ages?
What were 'idiot cages' used for during the Middle Ages?
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What was the outcome of Victor, the 'wild boy of Aveyron', in the eyes of Jean Marc Itard?
What was the outcome of Victor, the 'wild boy of Aveyron', in the eyes of Jean Marc Itard?
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When did specialized education for gifted students start gaining recognition?
When did specialized education for gifted students start gaining recognition?
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What percentage of students accessing special education services in Ontario have been formally identified with an exceptionality?
What percentage of students accessing special education services in Ontario have been formally identified with an exceptionality?
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How often must the IPRC meet at a minimum?
How often must the IPRC meet at a minimum?
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Which category represents the majority of students with exceptionalities in Ontario?
Which category represents the majority of students with exceptionalities in Ontario?
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What is the primary purpose of assessment accommodations?
What is the primary purpose of assessment accommodations?
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What is a modification in the context of special education?
What is a modification in the context of special education?
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Which of the following is an example of an alternative program?
Which of the following is an example of an alternative program?
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At which stage(s) should the special education team consult with parents and the student?
At which stage(s) should the special education team consult with parents and the student?
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What does the 'R' in SMART goals stand for?
What does the 'R' in SMART goals stand for?
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What does an accommodation provide to students?
What does an accommodation provide to students?
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What did Cobb (2016) identify as a cause of disproportionality in special education identification?
What did Cobb (2016) identify as a cause of disproportionality in special education identification?
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement of a SMART goal?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement of a SMART goal?
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In what context should assessment accommodations be implemented?
In what context should assessment accommodations be implemented?
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What is an example of an environmental accommodation?
What is an example of an environmental accommodation?
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What type of skills do Vocational or Job-Training Programs primarily focus on?
What type of skills do Vocational or Job-Training Programs primarily focus on?
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Which component of SMART goals defines the context in which the action will take place?
Which component of SMART goals defines the context in which the action will take place?
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Which of the following is an objective of Social Skills Programs?
Which of the following is an objective of Social Skills Programs?
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During which stage of the Acting Out Cycle does behavior reach its worst?
During which stage of the Acting Out Cycle does behavior reach its worst?
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Which of the following factors contributes to the definition of behavior?
Which of the following factors contributes to the definition of behavior?
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What is the role of an antecedent in behavior?
What is the role of an antecedent in behavior?
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Which of the following best describes a setting event?
Which of the following best describes a setting event?
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What function of behavior is demonstrated when a student does homework to gain candy?
What function of behavior is demonstrated when a student does homework to gain candy?
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What is a likely function of Jimothy ignoring his coworker's texts after work?
What is a likely function of Jimothy ignoring his coworker's texts after work?
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What occurs after the behavior and can reinforce or discourage it?
What occurs after the behavior and can reinforce or discourage it?
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What type of function is it when a person scratches a rash to relieve itching?
What type of function is it when a person scratches a rash to relieve itching?
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Where is resource assistance for students most commonly provided?
Where is resource assistance for students most commonly provided?
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What type of schools still exist in Ontario for specific disabilities?
What type of schools still exist in Ontario for specific disabilities?
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What does the Ministry of Education provide for students in care and treatment facilities?
What does the Ministry of Education provide for students in care and treatment facilities?
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What is a key principle of the Cascade Model regarding student placements?
What is a key principle of the Cascade Model regarding student placements?
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What does the Cascade Model suggest about the nature of educational settings in a school board?
What does the Cascade Model suggest about the nature of educational settings in a school board?
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Study Notes
History of Disability
- The ancient Greeks practiced infanticide under Solon’s Law by abandoning disabled children in clay vessels.
- The Romans would throw disabled infants in the Tiber River.
- A tribe in New Guinea buried disabled infants alive at birth.
- In Sparta, fathers would dispose of children deemed "ill-born" or "ill-formed."
- Aristotle supported exposure laws, believing people with disabilities were "incapable" and "unteachable."
- The first institutions for people with disabilities were developed during the Middle Ages (500 AD-1500).
- Jean Marc Itard believed language and empathy were crucial to being human.
- Itard considered his work with Victor, the “wild boy of Aveyron,” a failure because he couldn’t teach the boy language.
- IQ tests were originally created for residential institutions.
- Early asylums used inhumane treatments such as chaining, bloodletting, tranquilizing, ice water, torture, and letting individuals with disabilities die.
- Specialized education for gifted students was not common until the late 1970s.
- Hitler's genocide, targeting individuals with disabilities, is an example of negative eugenics.
- The “better baby” and “fitter family” contests encouraging reproduction by those with “good heritage” are examples of positive eugenics.
- The "ship of fools" was a form of entertainment where people with disabilities were put on ships and sent to other ports, removing them from communities.
- Idiot cages during the Middle Ages were used to keep people with disabilities from getting into trouble and for entertainment.
- Trepanation practices date back to 2500 BC.
- The last three institutions in Ontario officially closed on March 31, 2009.
Special Education in Ontario
- 88% of students accessing special education services in Ontario are formally identified with an exceptionality.
- School boards receive funding from the Ontario Ministry of Education to meet the special education needs of students once they are identified by the IPRC.
- The IPRC must meet at least once a year, however, parents can request a meeting at any time.
- The referral process for special education services involves five steps: identifying a student, discussing the student with the special education resource teacher, bringing the student to the in-school team's attention, referral to the IPRC, and implementation of the IEP.
- Learning disabilities represent the majority of students with exceptionalities in Ontario.
- Cobb (2016) linked disproportionality in special education identification to the "either-or" scenario, which limits options and opportunities for students from diverse backgrounds.
- The special education team should consult with involved parents and the student (when possible) at all five stages of the referral process.
- Modifications change curriculum expectations to meet student needs.
- Accommodations provide strategies or supports to help students access the curriculum and demonstrate learning without altering academic expectations.
- Alternative programs are specialized educational programs for students whose needs aren't met by the regular curriculum.
- SMART goals are: Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time-bound.
- SEL (Social Emotional Learning) involves: Self-awareness, Self-management, Social awareness, Relationship skills, and Responsible decision-making.
- The Acting Out Cycle has six stages: calm, trigger, agitation, acceleration, peak (where behavior is at its worst), de-escalation, and recovery.
- Behavior definitions must be: Observable, Measurable, and Specific.
- A setting event is an event that occurs before an antecedent and increases the likelihood of a behavior happening.
- An antecedent is an event that happens right before a behavior, often triggering it.
- A consequence is an event that happens after a behavior, which can reinforce or discourage it.
- The four functions of behavior are: Escape, Attention, Access to Tangibles, and Sensory Stimulation.
- Resource assistance for students is typically provided in regular classrooms.
- Dedicated-purpose schools for specific disabilities still exist in Ontario such as schools for students who are blind and deaf-blind or deaf.
- The Ministry of Education provides specialized settings for students in care and treatment facilities through "section 23."
- The "Cascade Model" proposes a range of settings in a school board on a permanent basis, with the goal of placing students in the least restrictive environment, with no restrictive placement considered permanent.
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Description
Explore the historical perspectives and treatments of individuals with disabilities from ancient Greece to the Middle Ages. This quiz covers societal attitudes, laws, and the evolution of care for people with disabilities. Test your knowledge on how these historical practices shaped current views on disability.
