History of Czechia

• Czechia is a West Slavic nation.
• It migrated to modern Czechia in the 6th century.

Language

• Czech is a dialect continuum with Slovak.
• The Slavic and Czech languages cannot have a straight line drawn between them, because Czech is developed from different dialects
• Czech is closely related to Polish, Sorbian, and other West Slavic languages.

Great Moravia

• Great Moravia existed from 830-907.
• It was the first West Slavic country.
• It was ruled by the Mojmir dynasty.
• Duke Mojmir I ruled Great Moravia.
• Cyril and Methodius had a mission to Great Moravia.
• They were apostles to the Slavs.
• The first Slavic literary language was created.
• Gospels were translated.
• Great Moravia was destroyed by Hungarian raids.
• Glagolitic was a script based on Cyrillic that no longer exists.

Kingdom of Bohemia

• The Kingdom of Bohemia was the predecessor of Modern Czechia.
• It initially was a vassal of Great Moravia and later became an independent duchy.
• The kingdom existed ca. 870-19.

Saint Wenceslas

• Saint Wenceslas was a duke from the Premysl dynasty.
• He ruled from 925-935.
• There were disputes about relations with Germans.
• He was murdered by his brother Boleslav.
• Wenceslas was canonized after his death.
• He was the first Czech saint and is a patron saint of the country and nation.
• He is an important national symbol.

Charles IV

• Charles IV ruled from 1346-1378.
• He was from the Luxembourg dynasty.
• He was the King of Bohemia and emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
• He is considered the greatest ruler of the country.
• He had a great cultural legacy with the university and church.

John Hus and the Hussite Movement

• John Hus was a Catholic priest and church reformer.
• He was executed in 1415 in Constance.
• His death started the Hussite movement.
• There was long unrest and civil war from 1419-1434.
• After the defeat of the Hussite movement, moderate followers (Utraquists) kept power.
• Recatholization happened after 1620.

Austro-Prussian War (1866)

• There was a decisive Prussian victory.
• Prussia had hegemony in central Europe.
• Italian unification occurred.

Franco-Prussian War (1870)

• There was a decisive Prussian victory.
• German unification occurred.
• Alsace-Loarraine was annexed.

Eastern Crisis

• The Berlin Congress happened in 1878.
• Slavic countries in the Balkans gained independence.
• Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia.

Europe at Its Height

• There were scientific and technological advances.
• Colonial empires existed.
• Germany was the biggest industrial power.
• Militarization occurred.

Two Main Alliances

• Triple Alliance began in 1882.
• Triple Entente began in 1907.

Triple Alliance

• Germany was isolated in Europe.
• It initated alliance with Austria-Hungary against Russia and France.
• Austria-Hungary had disputes with Russia in the Balkans.
• Italy had disputes with France over colonies and unresolved disputes with Austria-Hungary in the Balkans.

Triple Entente

• Was based on the Franco-Russian Alliance
• It wasn't a defense pact like Triple Alliance
• France had Revanchism against Germany.
• Russia was scared of the growing power of Germany and had disputes with Austria.
• The July Crises occurred.
• Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo.
• Germany gave guarantees to Austria-Hungary.
• The Austrian ultimatum was given to Serbia.
• Serbia submitted only partly.
• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
• Central powers allies existed as opposed to Entente allies.

Social Consequences of the War

• The status of women improved.
• Women had to do things that men did because there weren't men to do these jobs.
• Women succeeded, which was good for their voting status.
• Pacificism increased.
• There was openness to new ideologies like communism.
• Religiosity declined.
• The Church was seen as being connected with conflict in the world.
• The Church lost power because of its associations.
• Monarchies and nobility declined.
• The Paris Peace Conference happened in 1919.
• Fourteen Points came from Woodrow Wilson.

"Big Five"

• UK, France, Italy, USA, and Japan.
• Peace treaties with central powers resulted in loss of territories and colonies, reparations, restrictions on armies, demilitarization of the Rhineland, loss of parts of Germany, and a forbidden Anschluss–reunification of Germany and Austria.
• League of Nations stance of peace conference.

Stance of Peace Conference

• The central powers caused the war.
• The statement that Germany caused the war was not fair, which angered Germany.

The Great War in Czechia

• There Was as Manifesto "to my peaople's"
• There was a very reserved approach to the war.
• 1,400,000 Czechs were mobilized.
• Czech soldiers had low motivation, especially in the east.
• They left the Austrian army and fought with the Russian army.
• Auslosss leinrein describes lost territory of France.
• Territorial changes favored the countries in power.
• There were huge economic problems and political persecution.
• Territorial changes
• Europe was generally ruled by the superpowers, except the Balkans, which were chaotic.
• There was a struggle for independence.
• Tomas Masaryk led foreign and domestic resistance.
• The Czechoslovak National Council was in Paris and later became the exile Czechoslovak government.

Czechoslovak Legions

• They are an army
• Cleveland agreement of 1915
• Three kings declaration in the Austrian parliament
• Charles 1 manifesto was was the last attempt to save Austria-Hungary
• Declaration of independence

Statehood ideas

• Czech historic law
• Self-determination
• Czechoslovakism
• It had independence.
• The national vomited declaration of independence.
• Revolutionary national assembly had national views of the US and Europe.
• Statehood ideas including Czech historic law, self-determination, and Czechoslovakism.
• Consolidation of Czechoslovakia
• Sub-Carpathian Rus part of Czechoslovakia
• Fights with Germans in the border areas and war with Poland and Hungary
• On the path to war
• Boom in Europe or the golden 20s
• Economic crisis with a 40% drop and huge unemployment
• The German regions inside of Czechsolovakia were hit the most
• Onset of totalitarianism in Germany and Austria
• Destruction of versailles system
• Injustice of versailles
• Economic crisis
• Onset of totalitarian regime
• Nazism in Germany
• Breach of peace agreements
• Appeasement policy
• Anschluss March 1938

Czechoslovak Crisis

• German areas were hit by crisis.
• In the 1935 elections, the Sudeten German Party won.
• Rise of German nationalism in Czechoslovakia.
• Carlsbad programme - April 1938
• UK and France refused guarantees for Czechoslovakia.
• May crisis practical mobilisation
• The Berghof meeting included Chamberlain and Hitler.
• Czechoslovakia was deemed responsible for the war.
• Annexation of border areas
• Some guarantees from USSR
• Czechoslovakia agrese
• Rejected by the public
• Czechoslovak mobilism - September 1938
• Munich agreement
• Munich betrayal
• Meeting of UK, France, Germany and Italy in Munich.
• Czechoslovak representatives not invited
• Cession of territory to Germany
• Czechoslovakia is responsible for the war.
• Czechoslovak government submits.
• Breach of international law
• It became the Second Republic.
• Czechoslovakia existed in indefensible borders.
• Losses of territory of Poland and Hungary
• Autonomy of Slovakia.
• Dissolution of parliament anti-Semitism.
• Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
• Slovakia
• World War 2
• Germany invaded Poland.
• Germany invaded France.
• Britain fought the Battle of Britain.
• Germany invaded the USSR.
• The USA entered the war.
• Battle of Stalingrad
• Invasion of Normandy
• The following are good topics for a midterm question: Czech resistance, the invasion of USSR, Czechoslovakia agreeing to annexation by Germany etc.