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Questions and Answers
Who is credited with the invention of the Arithmetic Machine around 1635?
What was the purpose of George & Edward Schutz's Difference Engine invented in 1830?
Which inventor is associated with the creation of the Analytical Engine, considered the first fully programmed, automatic mechanical digital computer?
What was the significance of William Stanley Jevons' Logic Machine invention in 1869?
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What was the purpose of the Tabulating Machine invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890?
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'Venn Diagrams' invented by John Venn in 1890 were primarily used for:
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Who developed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)?
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What was the main innovation of the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC)?
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Which company developed the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC I)?
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What is a key feature of the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)?
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Which organization is NOT mentioned as a leader in the computing industry?
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When was the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) built?
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How many transistors did the microprocessor with the ability to perform 200,000 operations per second have?
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Who developed the CP/M, which is said to be the first PC operating system?
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Which brand of chips was dominant for the first PCs?
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Who is credited with developing the first DOS and Basic programming language for IBM?
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Which microcomputer models were released by Apple Computer Inc. in 1976?
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When did Intel release the 8080 microprocessor?
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Which individual developed the first working programmable digital computer after AD 1900?
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Who is credited with the invention of the Atanasoff-Berry Computer?
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Which computer was developed by the team of Atanasoff and Clifford Berry?
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What was the main purpose of COLOSSUS designed by Turing in 1944?
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Who is associated with the invention of the Harvard Mark I, the first large-scale automatic digital computer?
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What was another name for the Harvard Mark I according to IBM Archives?
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What was the name of the first working Wide Area Network (WAN) that led to the development of the Internet?
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Which technology was proposed by Berners-Lee to foster collaboration among physicists?
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What protocol was developed to transmit web pages between hosts?
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When did the US National Science Foundation (NSF) join ARPANET to start a network?
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How many nodes were present on ARPANET by 1969 after more tests by Kleinrock's team?
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When did the ARPANET come to an end?
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Study Notes
Historical Development of Computing & IT
- The Abacus, invented around 1000 and 500 BC, is considered the mother of the digital computer.
Invention of Gadgets before AD 1900
- Mechanical Calculator by Leonardo da Vinci (1500) and Wilhelm Schichard (1625)
- Arithmetic Machine by Blaise Pascal (1635) for automatic adding and subtracting of numbers
- Punched card by Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1800) to speed up computation and store information
- Difference Engine by George and Edward Schutz (1830) to produce logarithm tables used in navigation at sea
- Analytical Engine by Charles Babbage (1830), a fully programmed, automatic mechanical digital computer with a central processing unit (CPU) and printing capabilities
- Boolean Algebra by George Boole, opening up the field to logic
- Paper Tape by Charles Wheatstone (1857), allowing for the storage of large quantities of data
- Logic Machine by William Stanley Jevons (1869) and the first keyboard by Sholes (around 1874)
- Rectangular Logic Diagrams by Allan Marquand (1881)
- Boolean Algebra linked to circuits based on switches by Charles Pierce (1886)
- Venn Diagram by John Venn (1890), used in switching algebras for the development of hardware and software
- Tabulating Machine by Herman Hollerith (1890), created after he got frustrated with the manual counting of questionnaires at the US Census office
After AD 1900
- Invention of the vacuum tube by John Ambrose Fleming, used in TVs and video monitors before being replaced by LCDs
- Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) by John William Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert Jr. (1944 and 1952), the first general-purpose digital computer
- Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) at Cambridge University (1949), built to study computer programming issues
- Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC I) by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly (1951), the first commercially available computer
- Leaders in the computing industry: IBM, Honeywell, Control Data Corporation (CDC), and International Computers Limited (ICL) in England
- The 8008 by Intel (1972) and the 8080 (1974), the truly general-purpose microprocessor
Computer Software & Personal Computer
- Apple I and Apple II microcomputers (1976), with the development of the Personal Computer Operating System (OS)
- IBM, Gary Kildall (CP/M), and Bill Gates (DOS) as leading players in the OS market
- Legend of IBM needing an OS, approaching Kildall and Gates, and Gates developing the first DOS and Basic programming language of IBM
- Dominant brands of chips for the first PCs: Intel and AMD
COLOSSUS and the First Digital Computer
- Design of COLOSSUS by Turing (1944), the first working programmable digital computer
- Built to break German code from a German machine
- First Digital Computer developed by John Vincent Atanasoff (1939), with doubts about its functionality
- Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) by Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
- First Large-scale automatic digital computer (Harvard Mark I) by Howard Aiken (1939), also called the IBM Automatic Sequencer Calculator-ASC
Development of the Internet
- In 1960, the US government, colleges, and business worked on Arpanet to connect all computers and enable sharing of information
- Early form of computer is Arpanet
- By 1969, there were four nodes in the ARPANET
- The first host-to-host protocol is called Network Control Protocol (NCP) by Network Working Group (NWG) in 1970
- ARPANET became not only a research facilitator but also a free, federally funded postal system of electronic mail
- The US National Science Foundation (NSF) joined ARPANET in starting a network (NSFNET)
- ARPANET ended in 1989, and NSF stopped supporting the internet in 1994 because it had gained its own momentum
Development of the World Wide Web
- To foster collaboration among physicists, Berners-Lee wrote the proposal called HyperText and CERN
- Three new technologies were incorporated: 1. HyperText Markup Language (HTML), 2. HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and 3. Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
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Description
This quiz covers the historical development of computing, including the invention of gadgets like the Abacus and Mechanical Calculator, as well as the development of the internet and World Wide Web. It also touches on social, ethical problems in computing, and computer ethics education.
