18 Questions
What was the processor used in the Apple-1 computer?
MOS Technology 6502 processor running at 1.023 MHz
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of 5th generation computers?
Increased risk of cybercrimes
What was a significant development in the 5th generation of computers?
The transition from VLSI to ULSI technology
Which programming languages are commonly used in 5th generation computers?
C, C++, Java, and .NET
What was a notable disadvantage of the Apple-1 computer?
It did not have any pre-built displays or attachments
Which of the following is an example of a 5th generation computer?
All of the above
Which of the following was a key advantage of third-generation computers utilizing integrated circuits?
Reduced maintenance costs due to rare hardware failures
What was a major disadvantage associated with the manufacturing of third-generation integrated circuit chips?
Requirement for highly sophisticated technology
Which of the following programming languages was utilized in third-generation computers?
FORTRON-II to IV
What was a significant transition that occurred with the IBM 360 series during the third generation of computers?
Support for both scientific computing and data processing
Which of the following statements accurately describes the storage capabilities of third-generation computers?
Higher storage capacity was achieved compared to previous generations
What was a key characteristic of fourth-generation computers that utilized microprocessors and VLSI technology?
Ability to perform many high-level tasks and computations
What was the primary advantage of the von Neumann architecture in early computer design?
It allowed for more efficient use of memory by storing both programs and data.
What was a potential disadvantage of the von Neumann architecture in terms of memory access?
The use of a single memory for both programs and data could lead to memory contention and bottlenecks.
What was a significant contribution of John von Neumann in the context of computer memory?
He advocated for the use of a single memory for both programs and data.
How did the von Neumann architecture influence the manufacturing of early computers?
It enabled the use of modular components, facilitating mass production and standardization.
What was a significant historical impact of the von Neumann architecture?
It established a common blueprint for computer design that is still followed today.
What was a potential limitation of the von Neumann architecture in terms of storage capacity?
It used a single memory for both programs and data, limiting the total storage capacity.
Study Notes
Computer System Components
- The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is responsible for data processing and exchanging data with memory.
- Memory holds data and programs for access by the CPU during processing.
- Output devices display the results of data processing to the user.
Functions of a Computer System
- Processing data, which may take various forms, and storing it temporarily or permanently.
- Moving data for processing and communication.
- Controlling the performance of functional units and managing computer resources.
Von Neumann Architecture
- Developed by John von Neumann, a mathematician and physicist.
- Based on the stored program concept.
- Major guidelines: memory holds both programs and data.
History of Computers
4th Generation (Microprocessor)
- APPLE-1 was created by Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs, and Ron Wayne.
- Processor: MOS Technology 6502 processor running at 1.023 MHz.
- Memory: 4k RAM, expandable to 8k, 65k.
- OS: BASIC.
5th Generation (AI)
- Known as modern computers, still in development, and based on artificial intelligence.
- VLSI technology became ULSI, producing microprocessor chips with 10 million electronic components.
- Characteristics: high computing power, parallel processing, and development of AI software.
- Programming languages: C, C++, Java, .Net, and more.
Advantages and Disadvantages of 5th Generation Computers
- Advantages: reliability, security, convenience, operability, and various features and sizes.
- Disadvantages: exposure to cybercrimes, privacy issues, leak of confidential information, and human overdependence.
3rd Generation (Integrated Circuits)
- Advantages: higher storage capacity, speed, efficiency, and low maintenance cost.
- Disadvantages: integrated circuits were difficult to repair, and required air conditioning.
- Examples: PDP, Honeywell-6000, IBM-360 series.
IBM 360
- Represented the transition to the 3rd Generation of mainframe computers.
- Developed for high-speed data processing for scientific tasks and data processing.
- Supported both scientific computing and data processing.
Explore the advancements in computer technology during the 3rd generation, including the utilization of integrated circuits and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN-II to IV, COBOL, and PASCAL PL/1. Learn about the advantages and disadvantages of this era in computing history.
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