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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of clinical chemistry?
Which of the following is an example of a chemistry profile used in clinical chemistry?
What does the nephelometer, invented by Theodore William Richards, measure?
Which of the following components does NOT typically belong to a Lipid Profile?
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What is assessed by chemistry panels in a clinical chemistry laboratory?
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Who is considered the 'Father of Clinical Chemistry'?
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Which method introduced by Max Jaffe is used to determine creatinine levels?
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What significant contribution did Arne Tiselius make to the field of clinical chemistry?
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Which analyte was included in the urine analytes test developed historically?
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Which reagent did Otto Folin develop that significantly impacted colorimetry?
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What did Prosper Sylvain Denis contribute to the field in 1920?
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What role does adrenaline, discovered as part of clinical chemistry history, play in the body?
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What was the first significant test developed for assessing alkaline phosphatase (ALP)?
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What did Jules Duboscq develop that relates to measuring the concentration of a solution?
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Which figure is noted for performing the first quantitative test for urine sugar?
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Who developed the first assay of acid phosphatase?
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What was the purpose of the adaptation made by Levey and Jennings in 1950?
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In which year was the American Association of Clinical Chemistry (AACC) founded?
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Who developed the method for serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and recognized its specificity for liver disease?
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Which enzyme method was introduced in 1960?
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What significant tool for clinical laboratories was invented by Feichtmeier?
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Which laboratory method was developed by Kuby in 1954?
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What technique introduced in the 1940s began to replace visual colorimeters?
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Study Notes
History of Clinical Chemistry
- Clinical Chemistry - the study of biochemical processes and qualitative and quantitative analyses of body fluids and tissues. Used to diagnose and treat disease
- Photoelectric Cell (1893) - Invented by Julius Elster and Hans Friedrich Geitel. It converts light into electrical energy.
- Nephelometer (1893) - Invented by Theodore William Richards. Measures the size and concentration of particles suspended in a liquid or gas by means of light scattering.
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Otto Folin's Contributions (1907):
- Developed tests for urine analytes like urea, ammonia, creatinine, uric acid, total nitrogen, phosphorus, chloride, total sulfate, and acidity.
- Attempted to measure blood ammonia.
- Introduced colorimetric methods for epinephrine.
- Published the first reference values for uric acid, non-protein nitrogen, and protein in blood.
- Established the relationship of non-protein nitrogen to renal function.
- Developed the Folin Ciocalteu Reagent
- Considered the "Father of Clinical Chemistry".
- Folin's Improvements (1929) - Introduced the use of light filters in colorimetry.
- Early Blood Test Developments - The first laboratory methods for serum phosphorus (1920) and serum magnesium (1921) were developed.
- Electrophoresis (1926) - Arne Tiselius developed the moving boundary for electrophoresis of proteins.
- Chromatography (1946) - Arne Tiselius developed the separation of proteins using chromatography, which is commonly used for separating mixtures.
- Visual Colorimeter (1854) - Jules Duboscq developed the first visual colorimeter based on Beer's Law, which states that the concentration of a chemical solution is directly proportional to its light absorption.
- Creatinine Test (1886) - Max Jaffe developed the alkaline picrate method for determining creatinine, an important renal function test.
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First Enzyme Tests:
- Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) (1930) - Kay developed the first ALP test, which was the start of clinical enzymology.
- Serum Lipase (1932) - Cherry and Crandall developed the first test for serum lipase.
- Amylase Tests (1938) - Somogyi developed tests for serum and urine amylase.
- Acid Phosphatase (ACP) (1938) - Gutman developed the first assay for ACP.
- Blood Ammonia Test (1939) - Conway and Cook developed the first laboratory method for blood ammonia.
- Photoelectric Colorimeters (1940) - Replaced visual colorimeters in labs.
- American Association of Clinical Chemistry (AACC) (1948) - Founded.
- Quality Control Chart (1950) - Levey and Jennings adapted the Shewhart Quality Control chart for clinical laboratories. It determines whether a process is in control, using the Westgard rule.
- Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) (1954) - Kuby developed the laboratory method for serum creatine phosphokinase activity.
- Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) (1955) - Wroblewski and La Due developed the laboratory method for serum LDH.
- Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) (1956) - Wroblewski and La Due developed the method for ALT.
- Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) (1955) - Karmen developed the clinical laboratory method for AST.
- **Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) ** (1960s) - The first method for the enzyme GGT in serum was developed.
- Mechanical Pipettor (1960s) - Feichtmeier invented it.
- **Glutamic Dehydrogenase (GLDH) ** (1962) - Siegelman developed a method for GLDH.
- Serum Albumin Assay (1971) - Savory developed a serum albumin assay on the Technicon Auto Analyzer.
- Westgard Control Rules (1973) - J. Westgard introduced Westgard Control rules into clinical laboratory quality control.
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Description
Explore the significant milestones in the field of clinical chemistry, including groundbreaking inventions such as the photoelectric cell and nephelometer. Learn about Otto Folin's contributions to urine analysis and the development of reference values for various blood components. This quiz highlights the pivotal advancements that shaped the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
