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Questions and Answers
What event ignited the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955?
What event ignited the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955?
Which Supreme Court case declared state-sanctioned segregation in schools unconstitutional?
Which Supreme Court case declared state-sanctioned segregation in schools unconstitutional?
What was the outcome of the Little Rock Nine's attempt to enroll at Little Rock Central High School in 1957?
What was the outcome of the Little Rock Nine's attempt to enroll at Little Rock Central High School in 1957?
What was the purpose of the Freedom Rides during the late 1950s?
What was the purpose of the Freedom Rides during the late 1950s?
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What major reform was demanded during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 1963?
What major reform was demanded during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 1963?
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Which event led to the declaration that state-sanctioned segregation in schools was unconstitutional?
Which event led to the declaration that state-sanctioned segregation in schools was unconstitutional?
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What major change did the civil rights movement aim to achieve?
What major change did the civil rights movement aim to achieve?
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What was the primary focus of the Black Power Movement in response to civil rights campaigns?
What was the primary focus of the Black Power Movement in response to civil rights campaigns?
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What was the aim of Affirmative Action Programs introduced in the late 1960s - early 1970s?
What was the aim of Affirmative Action Programs introduced in the late 1960s - early 1970s?
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Which legislation aimed to protect the voting rights of black Americans and other racial minorities throughout the United States?
Which legislation aimed to protect the voting rights of black Americans and other racial minorities throughout the United States?
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Study Notes
History of Civil Rights Movement
The history of the civil rights movement spans from the end of World War II through the mid-1970s. This period was marked by significant strides towards racial equality in America, driven largely by the efforts of African American citizens who sought to challenge segregation laws and achieve equal protection under the law. Here is a brief timeline detailing some key events during this pivotal time:
Post-War Era: Rising Tensions
In the aftermath of the Second World War, returning soldiers were faced with discriminatory practices in many areas, including housing, education, employment opportunities, and public accommodations. A series of events fueled widespread discontent within the black community, leading to calls for change:
- Montgomery Bus Boycott: In December 1955, Rosa Parks, a black woman, refused to give up her seat on a city bus. Her arrest sparked a yearlong boycott of Montgomery's bus system, gaining national attention and support for the cause of desegregation.
- Brown v. Board of Education: On May 17, 1954, the landmark Supreme Court decision declared state-sanctioned segregation in schools unconstitutional. However, implementation varied across states, leading to slow progress.
- Little Rock Nine: In September 1957, nine black students attempted to enroll in Little Rock Central High School; their admission was met with violent opposition, resulting in federal intervention. Although they eventually graduated, segregation continued elsewhere.
Late 1950s: Grassroots Activism and Protests
During the late 1950s, grassroots activists organized protests and demonstrations against segregation, often facing violence and arrests:
- Sit-ins: Nonviolent protests across the South involved sitting down at lunch counters, restaurants, and other facilities where blacks were denied service.
- Freedom Rides: Interstate buses were used to test enforcement of the Supreme Court ruling banning segregated seating on interstate travel. Riders encountered resistance along their route, culminating in attacks on the riders and their supporters.
- March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom: Over 250,000 people gathered in August 1963 for a peaceful march demanding civil rights reforms. Spearheaded by Martin Luther King Jr., it led to increased pressure on Congress to pass legislation supporting equality.
Mid 1960s: Passage of Significant Legislation
The momentum generated by these activities helped bring about major legislative changes:
- Civil Rights Act of 1964: Banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, outlawing institutionalized racism in employment, housing, and public accommodation in the United States.
- Voting Rights Act of 1965: Protected the voting rights of black Americans and other racial minorities throughout the country, helping to overcome state efforts to prevent them from exercising their right to vote.
Late 1960s - Early 1970s: Continued Struggle and Progress
Despite successful passage of the Voting Rights Act, tensions and protests continue alongside further legal advances:
- Black Power Movement: Developed as a response to the nonviolent civil rights campaigns, advocating self-defense and self-determination, often misunderstood by mainstream media as promoting militancy.
- Affirmative Action Programs: Introduced to remedy past and present imbalances in hiring, education, and business transactions, such programs aimed to redress grievances arising from past discrimination.
As we move forward into the late 20th century, it becomes evident that while significant progress has been made, ongoing struggles for equity and justice remain integral components of our society's evolution toward true equality.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the civil rights movement in America from the post-World War II era through the mid-1970s. Explore key events, legislation, and figures that shaped the fight for racial equality during this pivotal time in history.
