History of Chemistry and Philosophers
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of an element according to Robert Boyle?

  • A combination of two or more elements.
  • A substance that cannot be split into simpler substances by chemical means. (correct)
  • A material that can exist in different states.
  • A complex substance made of several simpler substances.

What term did Johann Dobereiner use to describe groups of three elements with similar properties?

  • Trio Elements
  • Tertiaries
  • Triads (correct)
  • Triplets

Which pattern did John Newland identify in his arrangement of elements?

  • Elements repeating every eighth element. (correct)
  • Elements organized by their chemical reactivity.
  • Elements in groups of three based on similarities.
  • Elements sorted by the number of electrons.

What was Dmitri Mendeleev's major contribution to the Periodic Table?

<p>He established the periodic law based on increasing atomic weight. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these elements did Humphry Davy NOT discover by passing electricity through compounds?

<p>Bromine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of bromine did Johann Dobereiner note in his research?

<p>Its properties are between those of chlorine and iodine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did scientists before Mendeleev begin to understand the elements?

<p>Looking for patterns to remember elements more easily. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a characteristic of Newland's octaves?

<p>They include triads of related elements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Mendeleev’s Periodic Law state about the properties of elements?

<p>Properties recur periodically when arranged by atomic mass. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Henry Mosely establish regarding atomic numbers?

<p>Atomic numbers reflect the number of protons in an atom's nucleus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method did Mendeleev use to group elements?

<p>By arranging elements in vertical rows by similar properties. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the modern definition of atomic number?

<p>Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the modern periodic table differ from Mendeleev's version?

<p>It eliminates the need for reversed element order. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are transition elements characterized by in the periodic table?

<p>They have their own separate block. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the mass number of an element calculated?

<p>Mass number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symbol is used to denote atomic number?

<p>Z (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the electronic configuration of the aluminum ion, Al3+?

<p>1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle states that electrons must have opposite spins when occupying the same orbital?

<p>Pauli Exclusion Principle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons are present in a sulfur ion, S2-?

<p>18 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hund's rule, how should electrons be distributed in equal energy orbitals?

<p>Electrons must occupy all orbitals singly before pairing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are isotopes?

<p>Atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element has the same electronic configuration as the aluminum ion, Al3+?

<p>Neon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Aston determine the average mass of chlorine in his sample?

<p>He calculated the total mass using the mass of each isotope and their abundance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the stability of the chromium electronic configuration?

<p>It has a half-filled 3d sublevel. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a mass spectrometer?

<p>To separate and identify isotopes as well as their relative abundances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the electronic configuration of copper, Cu?

<p>1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d10 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process happens first in a mass spectrometer?

<p>Vaporisation of the sample. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the behavior of elements in Mendeleev’s periodic table?

<p>They are arranged by increasing atomic weight. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In mass spectrometry, how are ions accelerated?

<p>By passing through negatively charged plates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes different isotopes in a mass spectrometer?

<p>Their mass differences leading to varying deflections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the electron gun in the ionisation chamber of a mass spectrometer?

<p>To knock electrons off atoms and convert them into ions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is considered when calculating the average mass of an element's isotopes?

<p>The abundance of each isotope in the natural sample. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do positive ions behave when passing through a magnetic field?

<p>They move in curved paths based on their masses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct electron configuration for potassium, which has 19 electrons?

<p>1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a single orbital?

<p>2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Aufbau Principle state regarding electron configuration?

<p>Electrons occupy the lowest available energy levels first (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which energy level can hold a maximum of 10 electrons in total?

<p>Energy level 3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the order of filling electron sublevels?

<p>3p is filled before 3d sublevel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many sublevels are present in the second energy level?

<p>2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the electron configuration for an atom of calcium, which has 20 electrons?

<p>1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was iodine swapped with tellurium in Mendeleev's periodic table?

<p>Iodine has similar chemical properties to chlorine and bromine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the absence of noble gases in Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table?

<p>They were not discovered until later. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of an element defined as?

<p>The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of arranging elements in the periodic table according to atomic number rather than relative atomic mass?

<p>It results in a precise order without needing adjustments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an atomic energy level represent?

<p>The fixed amount of energy an electron may possess. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a p orbital from a p sub-level?

<p>A p orbital has a defined shape; a p sub-level contains multiple orbitals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electron configuration is correct for a nickel atom in its ground state?

<p>1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon provides evidence for the existence of atomic energy levels?

<p>Emission spectrum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Element (definition)

A substance that cannot be split into simpler substances by chemical means.

Dobereiner's Triads

Groups of three elements with similar properties where the middle element's atomic weight is approximately the average of the other two.

Newland's Octaves

Arrangement of elements where every eighth element has similar properties, based on atomic weight.

Periodic Law (Mendeleev)

The observation that the properties of elements recur periodically as their atomic weights increase.

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Atomic Weight

The average mass of an atom of a chemical element, considering the proportions of isotopes present in a natural sample.

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Humphry Davy

English chemist who discovered several elements using electrolysis.

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Robert Boyle

Irish chemist who defined an element in his book, 'The Sceptical Chemist'.

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Dmitri Mendeleev

Russian chemist who created the first periodic table.

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Mendeleev's Periodic Law

Elements arranged by increasing atomic weight show repeating patterns in their properties.

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Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

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What did Mosely discover?

Moseley discovered that the atomic number, not atomic weight, determined an element's position on the periodic table.

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Modern Periodic Table

Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, with similar properties recurring.

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Transition Elements

Elements in groups 3-12 of the periodic table, with varying electron configurations.

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Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

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Nuclear Formula

A shorthand notation representing an atom's mass number and atomic number, like ⁹²U²³⁸.

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Calculating Neutrons

Subtract atomic number (Z) from mass number (A) to find the number of neutrons.

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What are isotopes?

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same atomic number, but different mass numbers due to varying numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.

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How is the average atomic mass calculated?

It's the average of the mass numbers of all the isotopes of an element, taking into account their natural abundances.

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What is a mass spectrometer?

A device used to separate and identify isotopes, measure their relative abundances, identify unknown compounds, and determine the relative atomic mass of an element.

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What is the principle of mass spectrometry?

Charged particles moving in a magnetic field are deflected to different extents based on their masses, thus separating them according to their masses.

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What is vaporisation in a mass spectrometer?

The process of converting a sample of gas or liquid into a gaseous state due to the vacuum present inside the tube.

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What is ionization in a mass spectrometer?

Atoms and molecules are converted into ions by an electron gun, which knocks electrons off the sample, creating positive ions.

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What is acceleration in a mass spectrometer?

Positively charged ions are accelerated to high speeds by passing them through negatively charged electrical plates.

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What is Francis William Aston famous for?

He built the first mass spectrometer and discovered that elements exist as isotopes, proving that atoms of the same element can have different masses.

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Mass Spectrometry

A technique used to identify and quantify the different molecules in a sample by separating ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio.

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Mass Spectrum

The graphical representation of the results of mass spectrometry, showing peaks that correspond to the relative abundance of different ions in a sample.

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Electron Configuration

A shorthand notation that describes the arrangement of electrons in different energy levels and sublevels within an atom.

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Aufbau Principle

Electrons fill the lowest energy levels first within an atom to achieve the most stable configuration.

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Energy Levels

Regions around the nucleus of an atom where electrons have a specific amount of energy. They're numbered 1, 2, 3, etc.

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Sublevels

Subdivisions within energy levels, designated as s, p, d, and f, with specific shapes and capacities for electrons.

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Orbitals

Three-dimensional regions of space within a sublevel where there is a high probability of finding an electron.

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d-Block Elements

Elements in the periodic table where the d sublevel is being filled. These elements typically have variable oxidation states and exhibit unique properties.

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Half-filled or Filled Sublevels

Sublevels that are exactly half filled or completely filled are more stable. This is because the electrons in these sublevels have balanced forces, contributing to lower energy and higher stability.

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Chromium's Electronic Configuration [Cr]

Cr: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹ 3d⁵

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Copper's Electronic Configuration [Cu]

Cu: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹ 3d¹⁰

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What is an ion?

An atom that has gained or lost electrons

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What is a positive ion?

An atom that loses electrons and becomes positively charged.

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What is a negative ion?

An atom that gains electrons and becomes negatively charged.

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Hund's Rule

Electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy singly before filling them in pairs.

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Pauli Exclusion Principle

No more than two electrons can occupy an orbital, and they must have opposite spins.

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Tellurium and Iodine Placement

Mendeleev's periodic table initially placed iodine before tellurium despite iodine having a lower atomic mass. However, to maintain similar chemical properties in the same group, iodine was swapped with tellurium.

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Why No Noble Gases in Early Table?

The noble gases were undiscovered when Mendeleev created his first periodic table.

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Relative Atomic Mass

The average mass of an element's isotopes, considering their abundance in nature, relative to carbon-12.

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Advantage of Atomic Number Ordering

Arranging elements by atomic number avoids the need to reverse their positions to fit them in the correct groups.

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Atomic Energy Level

The fixed amount of energy an electron can have within an atom.

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Bohr's Orbit vs. Atomic Orbital

Bohr described electron orbits as definite paths, conflicting with wave properties. However, atomic orbitals consider the wave-like nature of electrons and uncertainty in their location.

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Electron Configuration of Nickel

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d⁸

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Study Notes

Greek Philosophers

  • Believed the universe was made of four elements: Earth, Air, Wind, and Fire

Robert Boyle

  • Irish chemist
  • Provided the first accurate definition of an element
  • Described an element as a simple substance that cannot be split into simpler substances by chemical means

Humphrey Davy

  • English chemist
  • Discovered potassium by passing electricity through a potassium compound in 1807
  • Also discovered sodium, calcium, barium, strontium, and magnesium using a similar method

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Related Documents

The Periodic Table PDF

Description

Explore the foundational ideas of Greek philosophers about the elements and discover the contributions of Robert Boyle and Humphrey Davy to the field of chemistry. This quiz highlights key definitions and discoveries that shaped modern chemistry. Test your knowledge on the evolution of elemental theory and significant chemists.

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