History of Biology: Influential Figures
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Questions and Answers

What was the publication of Galen's work called?

"Book of The Cure"

Which of these is NOT a contribution of Claudius Galen?

  • Discover arteries carrying blood not air
  • Discoveries of the properties of light (correct)
  • Structural differences for veins and arteries
  • Valves of the heart

What did Galen perform dissections on?

Barbary apes, pigs, sheep, and goats

What did Galen's accomplishments show?

<p>The relationship between the brain and the voice, and kidney and bladder functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Ibn Sina discover?

<p>Phthisis/Tuberculosis was contagious, diabetes symptoms, and descriptions of the central and peripheral facial paralysis (Bell's Palsy)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT one of Ibn Sina's accomplishments?

<p>Developed his own theoretical model of the universe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Ibn Sina publish?

<p>&quot;The Canon of Medicine&quot; and &quot;Book of The Cure&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Andreas Vesalius perform dissections on?

<p>Cadavers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Andreas Vesalius correct about Galen's claims?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Andreas Vesalius publish?

<p>&quot;The Seven Books on the Structure of the Human Body&quot; (De Humani Corporis Fabrica)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Robert Hooke discover?

<p>The honeycomb cavities of the cork, the illustrations of the crystal structure of snowflakes, and the building of the Gregorian reflecting telescope</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Robert Hooke's book called?

<p>&quot;Small Drawings&quot; (Micrographia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek discover?

<p>Bacteria and isolating 'animalcules' from different sources; rainwater, pond, human mouth, and intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek accomplish?

<p>First to observe protozoa and bacteria and First to describe the spermatozoa from insects, dogs, and man</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Carolus Linnaeus classify?

<p>The plant and animal kingdoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Binomial Nomenclature system?

<p>A system where organisms are named using a two-part system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the book Carolus Linnaeus published?

<p>&quot;Systema Naturae&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Louis Pasteur discover?

<p>Microorganisms cause fermentation and Germ theory, the theory of zoonotic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Louis Pasteur's accomplishments?

<p>Originating the process of pasteurization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Alfred Russel Wallace co-found?

<p>Evolutionary theory by natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Alfred Russel Wallace discover?

<p>Sulawesi and survival of the fittest, explorations on bird called maleo</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the book Alfred Russel Wallace published?

<p>&quot;The Malay Archipelago&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Charles Darwin pioneer?

<p>The evolutionary theory by natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Charles Darwin publish?

<p>&quot;On the Origin of the Species&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Gregor Mendel discover?

<p>The basic principles of heredity, the ability for pea plants to pass traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were Gregor Mendel's accomplishments?

<p>First person to lay mathematical foundation in Science, Mendel's law of Inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did James Watson and Francis Crick discover?

<p>The discovery of the double helix, the twisted-ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Claudius Galen was a Roman surgeon and physician.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ibn Sina published a work titled "The Canon of Medicine" which was a medical encyclopedia.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Andreas Vesalius was a European anatomist and physician who performed dissections on cadavers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Robert Hooke was an English physicist who discovered the honeycomb cavities in the cork.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch Microscopist who discovered bacteria and isolated 'animalcules' from different sources.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carolus Linnaeus was a Swedish naturalist who systematized the plant and animal kingdoms and classified the mineral kingdoms.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The binomial nomenclature system is a two-part system for naming organisms.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist who discovered that microorganisms cause fermentation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alfred Russel Wallace was an English humanist, naturalist, geographer, and social critic who co-founded the evolutionary theory by natural selection.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who pioneered the evolutionary theory by natural selection.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gregor Mendel was an Austrian botanist and teacher who discovered the basic principles of heredity, the ability for pea plants to pass traits.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

James Watson and Francis Crick were an American biologist and an English physicist, respectively, who discovered the double helix structure of DNA.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Claudius Galen

A Roman/Greek surgeon, philosopher, and physician who performed dissections on animals, made significant contributions to anatomy and physiology, and is known for his work on the nervous system and blood circulation.

Galen's blood theory

Galen's discovery that blood travels through vessels not just air.

Galen's voice control experiment

Galen's demonstration that tying off the recurrent laryngeal nerves controls the voice, linking the brain to vocal function.

Galen's bladder-kidney link

Galen's experiment showing how tying off ureters affects kidney and bladder function, demonstrating the connection between these organs.

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Ibn Sina (Avicenna)

A Persian-born philosopher and scientist known for his contributions to medicine, philosophy, and science, including the Canon of Medicine.

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The Canon of Medicine (Al-Qanun fi al-tibb)

Ibn Sina's medical book that served as a standard medical text for centuries, containing detailed knowledge on various medical topics.

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Andreas Vesalius

A European anatomist and physician who revolutionized anatomy through dissections and accurate observations, correcting many of Galen's errors.

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De Humani Corporis Fabrica (The Seven Books on the Structure of the Human Body)

Vesalius's famous book that changed the field of anatomy with detailed illustrations and accurate descriptions.

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Robert Hooke

An English physicist who invented a compound microscope and coined the term 'cell' while observing cork cells.

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Micrographia

Hooke's book showcasing his microscopic observations, including detailed illustrations of various objects under the microscope.

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A Dutch microscopist famous for his detailed observations of bacteria and other microscopic organisms.

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Leeuwenhoek's drive for knowledge

Leeuwenhoek's passion for knowledge and his dedication to documenting his observations, which contributed to his significant discoveries.

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Carolus Linnaeus

A Swedish naturalist who developed a system for classifying plants and animals, introducing binomial nomenclature, a two-part naming system.

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Binomial Nomenclature

Linnaeus's system of naming organisms using two words, such as Homo sapiens (human) for humans.

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Systema Naturae

Linnaeus's book that introduced his system for classifying organisms, showcasing his detailed and organized approach to the natural world.

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Louis Pasteur

A French chemist and microbiologist who revolutionized microbiology with his discoveries on fermentation, germ theory, and pasteurization.

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Pasteur's fermentation theory

Pasteur's discovery that microorganisms were responsible for the process of fermentation, which is crucial to the production of wine and beer.

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Germ Theory

Pasteur's groundbreaking theory that germs cause diseases, which revolutionized medicine and led to improvements in hygiene and disease prevention.

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Pasteurization

Pasteur's process of heating liquids to kill harmful microorganisms, making them safer for consumption.

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Alfred Russel Wallace

An English naturalist, explorer, and social critic who independently co-developed the theory of evolution by natural selection alongside Charles Darwin.

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The Malay Archipelago

Wallace's book based on his explorations in the Malay Archipelago, which contributed to his understanding of evolution and biogeography.

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Charles Darwin

An English naturalist who is renowned for his theory of evolution by natural selection, which revolutionized our understanding of life on Earth.

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On the Origin of the Species

Darwin's book that presented his theory of evolution by natural selection, sparking scientific debate and changing the course of biology.

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Natural Selection

Darwin's theory that individuals with traits that make them better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those favorable traits.

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Gregor Mendel

An Austrian botanist and teacher who discovered the basic principles of heredity, focusing on pea plants and how traits are passed from one generation to the next.

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Mendel's Laws of Inheritance

Mendel's experiments with pea plants led to his discovery of the fundamental principles of inheritance, laying the foundation for modern genetics.

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James Watson & Francis Crick

American biologist and English physicist who were credited with discovering the double helix structure of DNA, a groundbreaking discovery in molecular biology.

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Study Notes

Brief History of Biology in Famous Biographies

  • The images show diagrams of embryo development at 3.5 days.
  • The learning outcomes are to explain the contributions of individuals in biology's development. Distinguishing among contributors is also a learning outcome.

Claudius Galen, 130

  • A Roman/Greek surgeon, philosopher, and physician.
  • Performed dissections on Barbary apes, pigs, sheep, and goats.
  • Distinguished 7 pairs of cranial nerves, heart valves, and differences in vein and artery structures.
  • Discoveries included arteries carrying blood (not air), tying off laryngeal nerves to show brain control of the voice, and tying off ureters to demonstrate kidney and bladder function.

Ibn Sina, 1025

  • A Muslim philosopher and scientist.
  • Published "The Canon of Medicine" (Al-Qanun fi al-tibb) and "Book of the Cure" (Kitab al-shifa).
  • Stated tuberculosis was contagious, described diabetes symptoms, and described facial paralysis (Bell's Palsy).
  • Accurately described carotid sinus hypersensitivity and was the first to explain the technique of bedside pulse assessment.
  • Described anxiety, depression, bipolar, PTSD, and schizophrenia.

Andreas Vesalius, 1543

  • A European anatomist and physician.
  • Performed dissections on cadavers.
  • Demonstrated muscle, bone, and other human anatomy.
  • Corrected Galen's claims about the breastbone being in seven segments (it's three) and the humerus being the longest bone (the femur, tibia, and fibula are longer).
  • Developed anatomical charts of the blood and nervous systems.
  • Published "The Seven Books on the Structure of the Human Body" (De Humani Corporis Fabrica).

Robert Hooke, 1665

  • An English physicist.
  • Invented a microscope.
  • Discovered the word "cell," observing honeycomb cavities in cork.
  • Found protective water-resistant tissue in stems.
  • Illustrated the crystal structure of snowflakes.
  • Published "Micrographia".

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, 1675

  • A Dutch microscopist.
  • Observed bacteria and protozoa in various sources (rainwater, ponds, mouths).
  • Described spermatozoa from insects, dogs, and humans.

Carolus Linnaeus, 1700

  • A Swedish naturalist and explorer.
  • Systematized plant and animal kingdoms and classified mineral kingdoms.
  • Developed binomial nomenclature, an example using Tyrannosaurus rex and Homo sapiens.
  • Published Systema Naturae.

Louis Pasteur, 1854

  • A French chemist and microbiologist.
  • Discovered micro-organisms cause fermentation (applied to wine and beer industry).
  • Developed the germ theory of zoonotic diseases (chicken cholera).
  • Originated the process of pasteurization.
  • Developed vaccines against anthrax and rabies.

Alfred Russel Wallace, 1858

  • An English humanist, naturalist, geographer, and social critic.
  • Co-founder of the theory of evolution by natural selection.
  • Discovered 'survival of the fittest' and did explorations on Sulawesi and birds like maleo.
  • Published "The Malay Archipelago".

Charles Darwin, 1859

  • An English naturalist.
  • Pioneered the evolutionary theory by natural selection.
  • Discovered that species are more likely to survive in their environment and pass on their genes.
  • Published "On the Origin of Species".

Gregor Mendel, 1865

  • An Austrian botanist and teacher.
  • Discovered the basic principles of heredity showing the ability of pea plants to pass traits.
  • Established the mathematical foundation in science known as Mendel's law of inheritance.

James Watson & Francis Crick, 1953

  • An American biologist and English physicist.
  • Discovered the double helix structure of DNA.

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Description

Explore the significant contributions of key figures in the history of biology, including Claudius Galen and Ibn Sina. This quiz will guide you in distinguishing their discoveries and understanding their impact on the development of biological sciences.

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