History of Barcodes and Typeface Development

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Questions and Answers

Where was the world's first "beep" from a shopping center heard?

  • A supermarket in Woodland
  • A supermarket in Troy
  • A supermarket in Troy Marsh (correct)
  • A supermarket called Marsh

What company made the weighing and pricing machines?

  • Hobart Corporation (correct)
  • National Cash Register
  • Marsh Supermarket
  • Woodland Corporation

Who was the first person to use the bar code scanner?

  • Bernard "Bob" Silver
  • Woodland
  • A shop manager
  • Clyde Dawson (correct)

What did Clyde Dawson use to test the scanner?

<p>A packet of gum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Woodland's motivation for developing the barcode?

<p>To help shop managers speed up checkout lines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Woodland do to focus on his invention?

<p>He quit school and invested his money in his idea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did Woodland and Silver receive a patent for their invention?

<p>1952 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the initial working model of the barcode system considered too advanced for its time?

<p>The technology wasn't available to make it commercially viable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major influence on font evolution is specifically tied to economic factors?

<p>Space and cost-saving (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which typeface was created by Nicolas Jensen in 1470?

<p>Roman (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Italics invented by Aldus Manutius and Francesco Griffo?

<p>To save printing space (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fonts did Firmin Didot and Giambattista Bodoni develop in 1780?

<p>Modern serif Roman (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement influenced the creation of slab serif fonts in the 19th century?

<p>Egyptomania (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with the creation of the 'Old Style' type in 1734?

<p>William Caslon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which typeface is associated with John Baskerville?

<p>Transitional (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes sans serif fonts first introduced in 1816?

<p>Lack of serifs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who developed 'Two Lines English Egyptian' in 1816?

<p>William Caslon IV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant typography advancement occurred in 1968?

<p>The creation of the first digital font (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type designer is known for the fonts Copperplate Gothic and Goudy Old Style?

<p>Frederic Goudy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What invention allowed for a unified font usage across computers and printers in the late 1980s?

<p>TrueType (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was introduced in 1997 that allowed the same fonts to be used on both PC and Mac platforms?

<p>OpenType (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What's a major advantage of variable fonts introduced in 2016?

<p>Quicker loading times and less file storage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What format was added to the W3C web standard in 2009?

<p>WOFF (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typeface was controversially discussed as a possible default for Microsoft instead of Calibri?

<p>Comic Sans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines serif fonts?

<p>They feature ending decorations on letters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario are traditional fonts like Songti typically used?

<p>In formal documents and official papers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to determine which font style is more popular overall?

<p>The popularity varies based on usage scenarios. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What recent change did the United States Department of State make regarding fonts?

<p>They mandated a font change from Times New Roman to Calibri. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of modern sans serif fonts in the context of the Chinese language?

<p>They are favored for modern design and readability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fonts are typically used in classical Chinese calligraphy?

<p>Detailed fonts with intricate brushstrokes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the controversies surrounding the font changes at the State Department?

<p>Debates on the historical significance of Times New Roman. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do style and context influence font choice in the Chinese language?

<p>They are the primary factors over readability and space efficiency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology is primarily used in Amazon Go stores to facilitate the shopping experience?

<p>Computer vision and deep learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which company first adopted the Universal Product Code (UPC) for their inventory?

<p>Kmart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant recognition did Woodland receive for his contribution to the UPC?

<p>Presidential National Medal of Technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of using UPC in retail according to the information provided?

<p>It provides valuable consumer data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do customers complete their purchases at Amazon Go stores?

<p>Through automatic billing to their Amazon account (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the top Fortune 500 companies in the US reportedly used UPC by 2004?

<p>80-90% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique shopping experience do Amazon Go stores offer?

<p>Walk in, pick up, and walk out (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of IBM testing scanners with beanbag ash trays?

<p>To improve accuracy of reading (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason the author prefers physical menus over QR code menus?

<p>QR code menus lack the charm and feeling of a traditional menu. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary driver for the widespread adoption of QR code menus in North America?

<p>The desire for a more efficient and contactless dining experience. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of restaurants in the U.S. planned on adding QR code menus in 2022?

<p>19% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical event is used as an example of the information that can be gleaned from old menus?

<p>The decline of the passenger pigeon population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements reflects the author's viewpoint on technology's impact on the restaurant industry?

<p>Technology has its place in the restaurant industry, but physical menus will always hold value. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cultural practice linked to menus was once considered discriminatory?

<p>Not providing prices on menus for women. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the author's perspective on menus?

<p>Menus are a representation of the cultural evolution of a restaurant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the comeback of elegant calligraphy related to physical menus?

<p>Both offer a unique and personalized experience that technology cannot replicate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

William Caslon IV

A typographer who developed 'Caslon Egyptian' in 1816.

Caslon Egyptian

A typeface known for its clarity with all-capital letters.

Frederic Goudy

The first full-time type designer who created over 125 fonts.

Helvetica

An iconic typeface designed by Max Miedinger in 1957.

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Digi Grotesk

First digital font created in 1968 by Rudolf Hell.

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TrueType

Font technology developed in the late 1980s for printer and computer compatibility.

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WOFF

Web Open Font Format developed in 2009 for web fonts.

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Variable fonts

Fonts that can change size and weight, introduced in 2016.

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Gutenberg Bible

The first major book printed using movable type, created by Johannes Gutenberg.

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Blackletter

A style of script used in manuscripts, characterized by dense and ornate lettering.

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Roman typeface

A typeface developed from Blackletter for improved readability, first created by Nicolas Jensen.

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Italics

A slanted type style created by Aldus Manutius and Francesco Griffo to save space and add emphasis.

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Old Style type

A type design by William Caslon aimed at increasing readability and established a new direction in typography.

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Transitional typeface

A type design by John Baskerville, recognized for its distinctive and bold features.

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Modern serif fonts

Typefaces produced by Firmin Didot and Giambattista Bodoni with subtle differences, best for headlines.

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Sans serif fonts

Fonts without decorative lines at the ends of characters, debuted in 1816, valued for their clarity.

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Serif

Letters with decorative endings or strokes.

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Sans Serif

Plain, minimalistic letters without decorations.

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Usage Scenarios

Different contexts where fonts are applied such as print or digital.

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Chinese Fonts

Fonts used for writing Chinese characters, varying in style and complexity.

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Songti

A traditional Chinese font known for its detailed brushstrokes.

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Calibri

A modern sans serif font used for internal documents in the State Department.

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Times New Roman

A classic serif font used previously by the State Department.

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Font Standardization

The practice of using set fonts for official documents.

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National Cash Register

A company known for manufacturing cash registers and payment solutions.

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Bar Code

A machine-readable code consisting of numbers and parallel lines.

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First beep date

The date when the first product was scanned using a bar code.

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Clyde Dawson

The first shopper to use a bar code scanner.

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Speeding up checkout

The main reason for the invention of the bar code.

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Woodland's Inspiration

He was inspired to create bar codes from retail complaints.

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Patent filing date

The year when Woodland and Silver filed for the bar code patent.

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Innovative model

A small working prototype built by Woodland and Silver.

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Masahiro Hara

The inventor of the QR code, leading the team in Japan in 1997.

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Contactless dining

A dining experience promoting minimal physical interaction, using technology like QR codes.

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Historical Menus

Menus that capture cultural and historical references from past dining experiences.

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Passenger pigeon pies

Menu item that contributed to the extinction of the passenger pigeon by suggesting they were abundant.

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Ladies menus

Menus printed without prices, aimed at women, which reflected gender inequality.

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Physical menus

Traditional, tangible menus often seen as classic or elegant in dining settings.

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Culinary literature

Well-written restaurant menus that evoke emotions and narrate stories about food.

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Universal Product Code (UPC)

A barcode used for tracking merchandise in retail stores.

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MIT's role in UPC development

MIT provided appraisal and helped choose Laure's rectangular code for UPC.

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Impact of UPC on retail

Increased checkout speed and provided sales statistics.

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Kmart's adoption of UPC

First retailer to adopt UPC for over 1,000 items.

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National Medal of Technology

Award received by Woodland for UPC development in 1992.

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Amazon Go stores

Stores that allow customers to shop without traditional checkout.

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Technologies used in Amazon Go

Includes computer vision, sensor fusion, and deep learning.

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Just Walk Out technology

Allows customers to enter, shop, and leave without scanning items.

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Study Notes

Lost and Font—Typeface History

  • Technology, clothing, and speech are clear indicators of an era.
  • Technology advances rapidly, while language changes gradually.
  • Instantaneous signs (masks, phones, TikTok) help differentiate eras.
  • Some elements (e.g., McDonald's burgers, Coke) remain consistent across time.
  • The most recent and urban areas are easier to date than rural areas.

Lines of Communication—Typeface History

  • Time travel 30+ years into the past would indicate a drastically different culture, technology, and appearance.

Evolution of Typefaces

  • Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable printing press in 1440 in Germany, creating the Gutenberg Bible.
  • Before Gutenberg, books were handwritten and primarily religious texts.
  • Gutenberg's block letters (Blackletter) were space-consuming.
  • Nicolas Jenson (1470) created Roman type, inspired by Italian Humanist, for improved readability and space efficiency.
  • Aldus Manutius and Francesco Griffo (1501) created Italics.
  • William Caslon (1734) designed "Old Style" type for improved readability.
  • John Baskerville (1757) created "Transitional" typefaces, with contrast.
  • Firmin Didot (1780) and Giambattista Bodoni (1780) created "modern" serif Roman typefaces.
  • Vincent Figgins (1815) created "Antique" (slab serif) typefaces, inspired by Egyptomania.
  • Edward Johnston (1916) designed a sans-serif typeface used by London's Underground.
  • Max Miedinger (1957) designed Helvetica, a significant sans-serif typeface.
  • Rudolf Hell (1968) created Digi Grotesk digitally.
  • Outline (vector) fonts (1974) for digital typefaces reduced file size and improved clarity.
  • Open Type fonts (1997) allowed cross-platform use (Mac and PC).
  • CSS (Cascading Styling Sheets) (1997) included font styling rules on the web.
  • Web Open Font Format (WOFF) (2009) and adoption of it (2011) improved web font performance.
  • Variable fonts (2016) enable fonts to change shape, width, thickness, and slant within a single file.

Impact on Society

  • Font choices reflect the values and culture of the company or organization.
  • Font preferences and trends evolve with time due to technology, culture, and personal preferences.
  • Businesses' or governments' font choices impact public perception of their values.
  • Stores are reconsidering self-checkout lines.
  • Many companies are moving back to human-manned checkouts.
  • Self-checkouts may make labor costs lower
  • Some argue that self-checkouts are less reliable and more prone to errors compared to human attendants.

History of the Bar Code

  • Joe Woodland and Bernard Silver co-created the bar code.
  • The creation of the barcode was triggered by complaints from managers about lengthy checkout lines.

QR Codes

  • QR codes were developed in Japan and gained popularity during the COVID-19 pandemic as a contactless form of interaction.

Serif vs. Sans-Serif

  • Serif fonts are easier to read in printed material due to the distinguishing marks.
  • Sans-serif fonts are generally better for web-based applications due to screen resolution limitations.
  • Font choice depends on the context and intended use.

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