19 Questions
Who proposed the improvement on Rutherford's atomic model in 1913?
Niels Bohr
Which physicist modified Bohr's atomic model to include elliptical orbits?
Arnold Sommerfeld
In which model do electrons exist in a cloud of probability, rather than following definite paths around the nucleus?
Wave mechanics model
Who is considered the father of quantum mechanics?
Irwin Schrödinger
What is the modern understanding of the atomic structure based on?
Wave mechanics principles
Who was the first to propose the existence of atoms, which he called 'atomos' meaning indivisible?
Democritus
Which scientist introduced the idea of atoms being made of positively charged substance with negatively charged electrons scattered within them, known as the plum pudding atomic model?
J.J. Thompson
Who reasoned that all atoms contained positively charged particles in the nucleus and discovered that protons were all contained in the nucleus and that electrons were scattered outside the nucleus around the atom's edge?
Ernest Rutherford
Which scientist performed experiments that led to the acceptance of the idea of atoms, believing that all elements were composed of atoms and that atoms of the same element were identical, while atoms of different elements were different?
John Dalton
Who discovered the first subatomic particles, the electrons, and introduced the idea of atoms being made of positively charged substance with negatively charged electrons scattered within them?
J.J. Thompson
According to the discussion, how many electrons can the d sub orbital hold?
10 electrons
What is the mnemonic device used for electron distribution?
Numbers and letters
According to the rules of electron distribution, what principle states that each orbital can hold two electrons with opposite spins?
Pauli exclusion principle
In which energy level do the s, p, and d orbitals exist?
Second energy level
What is the maximum number of electrons that a p sub orbital can hold?
6 electrons
What represents the symbol for electronic configuration?
Symbol of the element, atomic number, number of principal shells, and number of electrons in each subshell
According to the discussion, what is the shape of s orbitals represented by?
Lowercase letters
How many orbitals can the p sublevel contain?
3
How many energy levels have d orbitals according to the discussion?
Three energy levels
Study Notes
- Atom is the smallest unit of matter, the building block of elements and the participant in chemical reactions.
- Democritus, an ancient Greek philosopher, was the first to propose the existence of atoms, which he called "atomos" meaning indivisible. He imagined atoms as small, hard particles that were all made of the same material but differed in shape and size.
- John Dalton, an English chemist, in the early 1800s, performed experiments that led to the acceptance of the idea of atoms. He believed that all elements were composed of atoms and that atoms of the same element were identical, while atoms of different elements were different. He also believed that compounds were formed by the joining of atoms of two or more elements.
- J.J. Thompson, an English scientist, in 1897, discovered the first subatomic particles, the electrons. He introduced the idea of atoms being made of positively charged substance with negatively charged electrons scattered within them, which is also known as the plum pudding atomic model.
- Ernest Rutherford, an English physicist, in 1908, handed an experiment and reasoned that all atoms contained positively charged particles in the nucleus. He discovered that protons were all contained in the nucleus and that electrons were scattered outside the nucleus around the atom's edge. This is known as the Rutherford atomic model.
- Niels Bohr, a Danish scientist, in 1913, proposed an improvement on Rutherford's atomic model by stating that electrons move in specific energy levels and that they only occupy certain orbits around the nucleus, similar to planets orbiting the sun.
- Arnold Sommerfeld, a brilliant physicist, modified Bohr's atomic model to include elliptical orbits, this is known as Sommerfeld's atomic model.
- Irwin Schrödinger, a physicist and a biologist, is considered the father of quantum mechanics. Today's atomic model is based on the principles of wave mechanics, and according to him, electrons do not move in a definite path like planets around the sun. Instead, they exist in a cloud of probability, a space where electrons are likely to be found.
- The history of atoms has evolved from the idea of indivisible particles to the modern understanding of subatomic particles and their interactions. The models presented by various scientists have contributed to our current understanding of the atomic structure.
Explore the evolution of atomic models from the ancient Greek philosopher Democritus to the modern understanding of subatomic particles by scientists like John Dalton, J.J. Thompson, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, Arnold Sommerfeld, and Irwin Schrödinger. Understand the development of the atomic theory and its impact on our current understanding of the atomic structure.
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