History of Architecture: Prehistoric to Neolithic

• The provided information covers various aspects of prehistoric architecture through modern designs across different regions and cultures.

Prehistoric Architecture

• Early human shelters consisted of rock caves
• Post-lintel method is known as a trilithon

20,000 BCE Paleolithic Architecture

• Mammoth houses were constructed using mammoth bones.

Paleolithic Architecture

• Time period: Old Stone Age
• Featured caves and simple huts
• Lascaux Caves in Dordogne, France contains prehistoric art
• Cappadocia, Turkey exhibits unique rock formations.

Mesolithic Architecture

• Nabta Playa Stone Circle is located in the African Sahara
• Huts served as temporary shelters near water sources,

Neolithic Architecture

• Natufian settlements date to this period
• Villages consisted of around 1000 sqm and housed 100-150 people
• Potbelly Temple in Anatolia, Turkey, features T-shaped stone pillars.
• Catal Huyuk in Turkey had rooftop-accessed settlements
• Khirokitia in Cyprus featured circular houses.
• Stone Henge built with large standing stones and religious astronomical reasons
• Menhir- Men-stone; hir-long

Dolmen

• It is a stone monument with two or more upright stones capped by a single stone

Cromlech

• Circular arrangement of stones

Newgrange, Ireland

• It is a burial mound consisting of earth and stones erected over the remains of the dead

Gobekli Teppe

• It's located in Upper Mesopotamia
• Landmark presents monumental round-oval and rectangular megalithic structures
• Structures were built by hunter-gatherers in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic age, between 9600 and 8200 BCE.

Primitive Dwellings

• Clochan: Beehive-shaped hut.
• Trullo: Rural, multi-story dwelling
• Wigwam/Teepee: Tent-like.
• Hogan: Made of logs in India
• Igloo: Innuit Eskimo
• Nigerian Hut
• Pueblo: Constructed with limestone blocks.
• Iraqi Mudhif
• Sumatran: Timber with fenced pen

Machu Pichu Houses

• Located in Peru, it is also known as the Inca House

Stacking Technique

• Primitive construction method of placing one stone atop another

West Asiatic Architecture

• Mesopotamia is an ancient region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, encompassing Sumer and Akkad
• Region was occupied by Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians
• Fertile Crescent is an agricultural region from the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea to Iraq
• It's also the location of humankind's earliest cultures

Architectural Landmarks

• Hanging Garden of Babylon was created by King Nebuchadnezzar for his wife, showing use of space
• Ishtar Gate was a main gate in Babylon and the largest and most elaborate of the city's gateways
• Persepolis was founded by Darius I as the capital of the Achaemenid empire, complex inspired by Mesopotamian models
• Tower of Babel is a historical narrative but never physically evidenced.

Structures

• Palace Complex developed during King Minos's reign with zoned spaces on higher ground,
• Ziggurat has a flat top rectangular mound supporting the upper temple
• Lamassu are winged-human-headed lions

Contributions

• Lightwell provided light and air in complexes.

Egyptian Architecture

• Includes monumental pyramids, temples, and shrines
• Old Stone Age/ Ancient Egypt
• Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom

Architectural Landmarks

• Abu Simbel Temple is a great temple of Ramses II, featuring 60 ft statues of Ramses with his family
• Luxor Temple Complex was started by Amentuhotep III for Amon and family and a linear path with sphinxes
• Great Temple of Amon has a hypostyle pillared hall in Karnak

Structures

• The Great Pyramid of Giza holds the record as the largest pyramid in Egypt
• Mastaba are ancient Egyptian tombs that are rectangular with sloping sides and a flat roof
• Pylon is a gateway to an Egyptian temple facing East
• Obelisk symbolizes fertility and is similar to the Menhir

Contributions

• Androsphinx has a Palm-headed capital
• Volute-headed capital
• Harem = private family apartment or women's quarter
• Hieroglyphics include the writing system
• Hypostyle open space filled with columns and clerestories
• Mud, Matting Papyrus are construction materials and paper

Greek Architecture

• Geared towards honoring the gods, not honoring the dead
• Plan view of the capital is not always a perfect square

Architectural Landmarks

• Erectheion in Acropolis is asymmetrical and of Ionic order, using Caryatids as structural columns
• Parthenon is the most prominent structure in the Acropolis with a 2-story collonade in its interior
• Propylaea forms the monumental gateway to the Acropolis

Structures

• Agora is the public market
• Bouleute-rion is space for council meetings in Ancient Greece

Contributions

• Classical columns promote balance and proportion
• Entablature composition: Architrave-Frieze-Cornice.
• Entasis compensates for optical illusions in columns
• Stylbates create a sense of upward movement and visual perfection
• Doric is the oldest and simplest Greek architectural order

Roman Architecture

• One of the most iconic and well-preserved ancient Roman temples
• Emperor Hadrian dedicated it to all gods

Structures

• Archs and vaults allow for large open spaces
• Amphitheater venue for art
• Colosseum for gladiator wars,
• Roman Forum political affairs
• Thermae: public baths

Contributions

• Ionic, Doric, Corinthian, TUSCAN: simpler than doric
• Concrete was utilized by ancient Romans
• Constantine initiated a change in belief.

Arches and Vaults

• Employed round, horseshoe, Lancet, Ogee, Trefoil, Basket Handle, and Tudor Arch
• Rainwater harvesting access

Villas and Domus

• For housing that Romans in the upper class

Byzantine Architecture

• Hagia Sophia in Istanbul is a model of Russian churches, greatest vaulted space without intermediate support, by Isodorus of Miletus & Anthemius of Tralles, Ar. Sinan (minarets)
• Hagia Irene was first church constructed before Hagia Sophia

Structures

• Minaret is the tower of the mosque where the imam prays 5 times a day

Contributions

• Atrium open courtyard at the entrance of the church
• Narthex is a colonnaded or arcaded porch
• Exedra is a semi-circular platform where people sit
• Aspe is a semi-circular recess covered
• Mihrab is a niche in the wall of a mosque facing the Mecca (qibla).

Early Christian Architecture

• Old St. Peter's Basilica was one of the most iconic and well-preserved ancient Roman temples; Emperor Hadrian dedicated it
• Baldachino four decorative columns topped by a canopy, used to emphasize apse dignity.
• Baptistery held water for circular, octagonal, or centralized plans.
• Barrel Vault GROIN Vault
• Iron The flying butteress and supporting arches

Romanesque Architecture

• Masterpiece of the Romanesque
• Speyer Cathedral exhibits arches, no flying buttresses
• Arcade=row of arches
• Arches supported by peirs and colunns.

Gothic Architecture

• Chartes Cathedral and Cologne Cathedral
• Evolved from Romanesque architecture
• Tallest before eiffel tower

Structures

• Country house / castle
• Redirect water and snow
• Light and immateriality

Baroque Architecture

• emphasizes sculptural and painted forms, elements were inspired from shapes of nature and interior utilized quadrature: France 1920
• Granduer drama, movement and rich details in architecture, fluididty, grandeur
• Massiva elliptical space of colonnades symbolizind the embraceo of the Church
• Vast gardens, gilded interiors, and exial planning: power of Louis

Modern Architecture Chicago School

• The proportion of human body 1.61 times the length of the S height up to the man's belly button
• Best space organization for school classrooms
• Use of information such as climate, laws and codes, culture and traditions
• Stage of the design process Models presentation drawings are prepared

Final Design and Presentation

• Architectural style after the 1917 Russian was Architectural

Filipino Architecture Building

• Great Construction Projects
• 1970’s - grand construction projects propaganda Building

Ifugao Architecture

• forced migration to escape the spaniards making the terraces
• BEYER'S THEORY.
• KEESING THEORY.

Kalingan Architecture

• Swidden farmers: hamlets – 6-30 houses 50 houses
• The location of common structures
• A circle of space
• Organization grouped by proximity of space

Maranao Structure Characteristics

• Most Maranao structures are built on the ground.
• Maranao structures do not have wall
• The materials from which house's roof is made up of.

Construction Method

• Construction material
• 1-storey

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