Questions and Answers
What significant event took place on January 18, 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors?
What was the Crimean War fought over?
Control of the Black Sea
What did the Treaty of Paris in 1856 require Russia to do?
What does 'Tanzimat' refer to?
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What did the Young Turks favor?
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Who was the leader of the Romantic Republicanism movement?
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What was Giuseppe Mazzini's contribution to nationalism?
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What was Giuseppe Garibaldi's notable achievement?
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Who is considered responsible for the unification of Italy?
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What was the outcome of the War with Austria in 1859?
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Who became the first king of a united Italy?
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What is Transformismo in Italian politics?
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What does Italia Irredenta advocate for?
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Study Notes
Hall of Mirrors January 18, 1871
- Treaty of Frankfurt concluded the Franco-Prussian War on February 26, 1871.
- Key signatories: Adolphe Thiers (French Third Republic) and Otto von Bismarck (German Empire).
- German Unification was achieved, with King Wilhelm I of Prussia declared Kaiser in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles Palace.
Crimean War (1853-1856)
- Armed conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, mainly for control over the Black Sea.
- Intervention by Britain and France resulted in Russia's defeat.
- The war highlighted the need for Russian industrialization and led to Turkey's independence.
Treaty of Paris 1856
- Formally ended the Crimean War.
- Russia ceded territory near the Black Sea and renounced protective claims over Christians in the Ottoman Empire.
Tanzimat
- Refers to a series of "restructuring" reforms by Ottoman rulers in the 19th century.
- Aimed to separate civil law from religious controls and enhance military and bureaucratic efficiency.
Young Turks
- Coalition formed in the late 1870s advocating modernist liberal reforms in the Ottoman Empire.
- Opposed the monarchy of the Ottoman Sultan and sought to establish a constitution.
- Successfully initiated a new constitutional era in 1908.
Romantic Republicanism
- Movement characterized by secret societies intertwined with literature and politics, opposing Napoleonic rule.
- Notable organization: Carbonari, led by Giuseppe Mazzini, who utilized guerrilla warfare.
- Despite many exiles, their influence reached beyond Europe, including the United States.
Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)
- Prominent Italian political nationalist advocating for independence from Austrian and Spanish rule.
- Founded "Young Italy," instilling ideas of nationalism and independence internationally, including in Ireland, Switzerland, and Hungary.
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)
- Italian radical leader and "Super Patriot" known for his unification efforts in southern Italy.
- Achieved key victories in Sicily and Naples, facilitating the formation of the Italian state alongside his Red Shirts.
Camillo Cavour (1810-1861)
- Influential figure in Italian unification, serving as Prime Minister to Victor Emmanuel II.
- Worked strategically with France and played a vital role in establishing a constitutional monarchy for Italy by allying with rebel leaders like Mazzini and Garibaldi.
War with Austria (1859)
- Cavour masterminded a plan to provoke Austria into declaring war on Sardinia.
- Franco-Sardinian alliance initially bore fruit, but France later withdrew troops, fearing a strong Italy.
- Outcome: Sardinia gained Lombardy while Austria retained Venetia, with territorial concessions made by Cavour to France.
Victor Emmanuel II
- King of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia, he became the first king of a unified Italy.
- Successfully unified northern Italy with the southern faction led by Garibaldi in 1861.
- Established Rome as the capital and compelled the Pope into Vatican City.
Transformismo
- Political practice in Italy blending conservatives and liberals to maintain the status quo.
- Critics claimed it relied on bribery and favors, turning opponents into allies.
Italia Irredenta
- Nationalist movement advocating for the unification of all Italian-speaking territories.
- It expressed irredentist sentiments, emphasizing cultural ties to Italian identity without forming a formal organization.
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Description
Dive into Chapter 22 with these flashcards focused on the Treaty of Frankfurt and the events leading up to the German Empire's formation. Learn key dates, definitions, and important figures like Adolphe Thiers and Otto von Bismarck. Perfect for anyone studying European history or preparing for exams.
