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Questions and Answers
What was the central Asian capital of the Mongols?
What was the central Asian capital of the Mongols?
Karakorum
What led to the rise of a centralized imperial state that ran from China to Persia, and when did it take place?
What led to the rise of a centralized imperial state that ran from China to Persia, and when did it take place?
The invasions of Nomadic Turkish and Mongol Tribes between the 11th and 15th centuries.
Who never formed a single homogenous group?
Who never formed a single homogenous group?
The Turkish Peoples
Describe the environment of Central Asia.
Describe the environment of Central Asia.
Identify the factors that facilitated the development of Central Asia.
Identify the factors that facilitated the development of Central Asia.
What does the class structure of nomadic societies normally produce?
What does the class structure of nomadic societies normally produce?
What class in nomadic society was fluid, with many opportunities for rising and falling?
What class in nomadic society was fluid, with many opportunities for rising and falling?
What was the earliest religion of the Turkish people?
What was the earliest religion of the Turkish people?
Identify the religions that became popular among the nomadic Turkish tribes.
Identify the religions that became popular among the nomadic Turkish tribes.
In the tenth century, what religion did the Turks living near the Abbasid Empire begin to convert to?
In the tenth century, what religion did the Turks living near the Abbasid Empire begin to convert to?
What was the political power of the Khans based on?
What was the political power of the Khans based on?
What was the military might of nomadic peoples based on?
What was the military might of nomadic peoples based on?
In 1055, who was recognized as sultan by the Abbasid caliph?
In 1055, who was recognized as sultan by the Abbasid caliph?
Which Ghaznavid Turkish leader raided and plundered India in the eleventh century?
Which Ghaznavid Turkish leader raided and plundered India in the eleventh century?
Who claimed authority over all of northern India?
Who claimed authority over all of northern India?
Why did Chinggis Khan form new military units with no tribal affiliations?
Why did Chinggis Khan form new military units with no tribal affiliations?
What was the size of Chinggis Khan's army at its height?
What was the size of Chinggis Khan's army at its height?
After 1215, where was the Mongol's capital in China located?
After 1215, where was the Mongol's capital in China located?
Who did not establish a centralized government in the lands he conquered and why?
Who did not establish a centralized government in the lands he conquered and why?
Which Khans ruled Central Asia?
Which Khans ruled Central Asia?
What did Khubilai Khan establish in 1279?
What did Khubilai Khan establish in 1279?
Who had little success when he tried to conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, and Japan?
Who had little success when he tried to conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, and Japan?
What was the largest seaborne expedition before World War II?
What was the largest seaborne expedition before World War II?
Who dominated Russia from the thirteenth through the fifteenth centuries?
Who dominated Russia from the thirteenth through the fifteenth centuries?
In 1295, which religion did the Ilkhan Ghazan convert to, causing it to become the favored religion in Persia?
In 1295, which religion did the Ilkhan Ghazan convert to, causing it to become the favored religion in Persia?
Describe how the Mongols ruled and their achievements during their time as rulers of China.
Describe how the Mongols ruled and their achievements during their time as rulers of China.
What caused the rapid decline of the Ilkhanate in Persia in the 1290s?
What caused the rapid decline of the Ilkhanate in Persia in the 1290s?
In the late-fourteenth century, which Turkish ruler weakened the Golden Horde, sacked Delhi, and launched campaigns in southwest Asia and Anatolia?
In the late-fourteenth century, which Turkish ruler weakened the Golden Horde, sacked Delhi, and launched campaigns in southwest Asia and Anatolia?
Where was the capital of Tamerlane's Empire?
Where was the capital of Tamerlane's Empire?
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Study Notes
Mongols and Central Asia
- Karakorum served as the central capital of the Mongols in Central Asia.
- Centralized imperial states emerged between the 11th and 15th centuries due to invasions by nomadic Turkish and Mongol tribes.
- Turkish Peoples never formed a single, homogenous group; they were diverse in structure and culture.
- Central Asia's environment lacked sufficient rainfall, limiting large-scale agricultural development.
Nomadic Societies
- Nomadic societies typically exhibited fluid class structures, allowing movement between noble and commoner classes.
- Noble class was dynamic, presenting opportunities for social mobility.
- The earliest religion of the Turkish people was Shamanism, emphasizing spiritual practices.
- Various religions gained popularity among nomadic Turkish tribes, including Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Manichaeism, and later Islam.
Islamic Influence
- Turks living near the Abbasid Empire began converting to Islam during the 10th century.
- Political power of the Khans was based on personal talent and loyalty to Chenggis Khan.
- The Turkish military depended on exceptional cavalry, equestrian skills, and agile warriors.
Significant Leaders
- In 1055, Tugril Beg, leader of the Seljuk Turks, was recognized as sultan by the Abbasid caliph.
- Mahmud of Ghazni raided and plundered India during the 11th century.
- By the 13th century, the Turkish Sultanate of Delhi asserted authority over all northern India.
Chinggis Khan's Innovations
- Chinggis Khan reorganized the Mongol military by creating units without tribal affiliations, promoting loyalty and unity.
- At its peak, Chinggis Khan's army comprised 100,000 to 125,000 warriors.
- Post-1215, the Mongols renamed the captured Chinese capital to Khambaliq.
Khanate Leadership
- Chinggis Khan avoided creating a centralized government in conquered territories, opting for a more decentralized rule.
- The descendants of Chaghatai, one of Chinggis Khan's sons, governed the Khanate of Chaghatai in Central Asia.
Yuan Dynasty and Expansion
- Khubilai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in 1279.
- His military expeditions to conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, and Japan were largely unsuccessful.
- The Mongol Naval campaign against Japan became the largest seaborne operation prior to World War II.
Impact on Russia and Persia
- From the 13th to the 15th centuries, the Golden Horde maintained dominance over Russia.
- Ilkhan Ghazan converted to Islam in 1295, promoting it as the favored religion in Persia.
- Mongol rule in China involved restrictions against intermarriage and enforced extraction of revenue from subjects.
Decline and Legacy
- The ilkhanate in Persia faced a rapid decline in the 1290s due to the failure of paper money and internal factional divisions.
- Tamerlane emerged in the late 14th century, weakening the Golden Horde, sacking Delhi, and undertaking campaigns in Southwest Asia and Anatolia.
- Samarkand served as the capital of Tamerlane's expansive empire.
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