Questions and Answers
What was the main goal of the Crusades?
They had economic, social, political goals as well as religious motives.
What problems caused reforms in the church during the Middle Ages?
Many village priests would get married, bishops sold positions, and practiced lay investiture.
What was the 3-field system? Why was it important?
Farmers could plant on ⅔ of the land, allowing for better agricultural productivity.
What is a guild? What were their functions?
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What was the main purpose of the Magna Carta? Whose rights did it originally defend?
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What caused the Great Schism?
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What is a parliament?
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Where did serfs go to find freedom?
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How was the Bubonic Plague spread to Europe?
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Why was the Hundred Years' War fought?
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What was the result of the 4th Crusade?
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What was the Reconquista?
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What were the Teachings of John Wycliffe?
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What were the effects of the Hundred Years' War?
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What problems did the church face at this time?
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What are the characteristics of Gothic architecture?
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What effect of the Crusades still exists today?
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What issue led to the Magna Carta and formation of Parliament?
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How did Europeans rediscover the studies of the ancient Greeks?
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What did the bubonic plague do to medieval society?
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What were the effects of the commercial revolution?
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What events led to the end of the Middle Ages?
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How did the Crusades impact Europe?
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How did English government change during the Middle Ages, and what caused those changes?
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How did the Middle Ages change during this time?
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What were some of the most important effects of the bubonic plague in Europe?
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Study Notes
Crusades
- Main goals included economic, social, political aims alongside religious motives.
- The 4th Crusade aimed to gain control of the Holy Land.
- The Crusades initiated a significant shift in relations between the West and the Near East, leaving a legacy of violence and mistrust.
- Modern-day intolerance between Christians and Muslims can trace its roots to the Crusades.
Church Reforms
- Issues included married priests, the sale of church positions, and the practice of lay investiture.
Agricultural Advancements
- The three-field system allowed farmers to utilize two-thirds of their land, improving productivity.
Guilds
- Organizations formed by individuals in the same trade to support each other and regulate practices.
Magna Carta and Parliament
- Magna Carta limited the king's powers, ensuring processes like trials and taxation required legal consensus.
- Fundamental for establishing parliamentary rights, particularly the principle of "no taxation without representation."
Great Schism
- Occurred in 1054, splitting Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches, leading to enduring division in Christianity.
Social Mobility
- Serfs could attain freedom by residing in a town for a year and a day.
Bubonic Plague
- Transmitted to Europe via trade boats, significantly impacting population and social dynamics.
- Blame fell on Jewish communities, trade declined, and there was a massive population decrease, leading to social upheaval.
Hundred Years' War
- Conflict ignited by Edward II's death without a male heir to the French throne, altering territorial control in Europe.
Reconquista
- Spanish effort to drive Muslims out of their territories, reflecting religious and political motivations.
John Wycliffe's Teachings
- Challenged papal authority, marking pivotal changes in church structures and philosophies.
Effects of the Commercial Revolution
- Led to inflation (price revolution), population growth, establishment of the middle class, rise in world trade, and shifts to trans-Atlantic commerce.
- Resulted in economic changes, including the establishment of trade monopolies and the origins of the African slave trade.
End of the Middle Ages
- Factors included the Reconquista, the cultural influx from the library of Cordoba, and major plagues disrupting societal structures.
Influence of Gothic Architecture
- Characterized by stone structures, glass expanses, pointed spires, and flying buttresses, influencing construction styles thereafter.
Changes in Governance
- Evolution of English government emphasized the roles of lords, vassals, and peasants in a feudal framework.
Societal Changes during Late Middle Ages
- Significant population decline occurred due to famine and the Black Death, with about one-third of Europeans perishing between 1347 and 1350.
- The church faced internal controversies, alongside civil strife, peasant revolts, and cultural transformations leading into the early modern period.
Impact of Bubonic Plague
- Originating in China before spreading to India and Europe via trade routes, the plague was exacerbated by poor sanitation and living conditions.
- Misunderstanding of the disease's causes led to societal panic; the repeated outbreaks contributed to long-term demographic and economic shifts.
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Description
Test your knowledge on significant events from History Chapter 14, focusing on the Crusades and church reforms during the Middle Ages. This quiz covers key concepts and terms to enhance your understanding of this pivotal era in history.