History Chapter 14 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What was the main goal of the Crusades?

They had economic, social, political goals as well as religious motives.

What problems caused reforms in the church during the Middle Ages?

Many village priests would get married, bishops sold positions, and practiced lay investiture.

What was the 3-field system? Why was it important?

Farmers could plant on ⅔ of the land, allowing for better agricultural productivity.

What is a guild? What were their functions?

An organization of individuals in the same business to help each other. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the Magna Carta? Whose rights did it originally defend?

It required the king to renounce certain rights and respect legal procedures. Signup and view all the answers

What caused the Great Schism?

The division in 1054 of the Eastern and Western branches of Christianity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a parliament?

The highest legislature, including the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Signup and view all the answers

Where did serfs go to find freedom?

They went to another town or city for a year and one day. Signup and view all the answers

How was the Bubonic Plague spread to Europe?

It spread by a heap load of boats and trade routes. Signup and view all the answers

Why was the Hundred Years' War fought?

Edward II died without a son to inherit the French throne. Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the 4th Crusade?

To gain control of the Holy Land. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Reconquista?

Spanish leaders were trying to drive the Muslims out of their land. Signup and view all the answers

What were the Teachings of John Wycliffe?

That the pope was not the true head of the Church. Signup and view all the answers

What were the effects of the Hundred Years' War?

It resulted in France gaining more land and power. Signup and view all the answers

What problems did the church face at this time?

Issues with the bubonic plague that spread quickly. Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Gothic architecture?

Stone structures, large glass expanses, clustered columns, pointed spires, intricate sculptures, and ribbed vaults. Signup and view all the answers

What effect of the Crusades still exists today?

Christians are still intolerant of Muslims. Signup and view all the answers

What issue led to the Magna Carta and formation of Parliament?

The right to a trial by jury and taxation without representation. Signup and view all the answers

How did Europeans rediscover the studies of the ancient Greeks?

By translating books into Arabic and attributing civilized aspects to invaders. Signup and view all the answers

What did the bubonic plague do to medieval society?

Jews were blamed, trade declined, and population decreased. Signup and view all the answers

What were the effects of the commercial revolution?

Inflation, population increase, emergence of the middle class, and increased world trade. Signup and view all the answers

What events led to the end of the Middle Ages?

The Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula and the library of Cordoba's vast collection of writings. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Crusades impact Europe?

They initiated a new phase of relationships between the West and the Near East. Signup and view all the answers

How did English government change during the Middle Ages, and what caused those changes?

The relationship between lord, vassal, and peasant changed governance structures. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Middle Ages change during this time?

Marked by famine, plague, and war, leading to cultural and technological developments. Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the most important effects of the bubonic plague in Europe?

It spread through rats on ships, leading to high mortality rates and societal changes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Crusades

Main goals included economic, social, political aims alongside religious motives.
The 4th Crusade aimed to gain control of the Holy Land.
The Crusades initiated a significant shift in relations between the West and the Near East, leaving a legacy of violence and mistrust.
Modern-day intolerance between Christians and Muslims can trace its roots to the Crusades.

Church Reforms

Issues included married priests, the sale of church positions, and the practice of lay investiture.

Agricultural Advancements

The three-field system allowed farmers to utilize two-thirds of their land, improving productivity.

Guilds

Organizations formed by individuals in the same trade to support each other and regulate practices.

Magna Carta and Parliament

Magna Carta limited the king's powers, ensuring processes like trials and taxation required legal consensus.
Fundamental for establishing parliamentary rights, particularly the principle of "no taxation without representation."

Great Schism

Occurred in 1054, splitting Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches, leading to enduring division in Christianity.

Serfs could attain freedom by residing in a town for a year and a day.

Bubonic Plague

Transmitted to Europe via trade boats, significantly impacting population and social dynamics.
Blame fell on Jewish communities, trade declined, and there was a massive population decrease, leading to social upheaval.

Hundred Years' War

Conflict ignited by Edward II's death without a male heir to the French throne, altering territorial control in Europe.

Reconquista

Spanish effort to drive Muslims out of their territories, reflecting religious and political motivations.

John Wycliffe's Teachings

Challenged papal authority, marking pivotal changes in church structures and philosophies.

Effects of the Commercial Revolution

Led to inflation (price revolution), population growth, establishment of the middle class, rise in world trade, and shifts to trans-Atlantic commerce.
Resulted in economic changes, including the establishment of trade monopolies and the origins of the African slave trade.

End of the Middle Ages

Factors included the Reconquista, the cultural influx from the library of Cordoba, and major plagues disrupting societal structures.

Influence of Gothic Architecture

Characterized by stone structures, glass expanses, pointed spires, and flying buttresses, influencing construction styles thereafter.

Changes in Governance

Evolution of English government emphasized the roles of lords, vassals, and peasants in a feudal framework.

Societal Changes during Late Middle Ages

Significant population decline occurred due to famine and the Black Death, with about one-third of Europeans perishing between 1347 and 1350.
The church faced internal controversies, alongside civil strife, peasant revolts, and cultural transformations leading into the early modern period.

Impact of Bubonic Plague

Originating in China before spreading to India and Europe via trade routes, the plague was exacerbated by poor sanitation and living conditions.
Misunderstanding of the disease's causes led to societal panic; the repeated outbreaks contributed to long-term demographic and economic shifts.

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Test your knowledge on significant events from History Chapter 14, focusing on the Crusades and church reforms during the Middle Ages. This quiz covers key concepts and terms to enhance your understanding of this pivotal era in history.