History Chapter 1; Collision of Cultures

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Questions and Answers

What term refers to migrants of Mongolian descent that came to the Americas?

Eskimos

Mayan Peoples

Incan Peoples

Clovis Peoples (correct)

What challenge does the traditional history of early migration face?

Some migrants appear to have traveled by sea.

Describe life in the Archaic Period.

Early: Hunting/Gathering, stone tools; Later: New tools, begin farming.

Who led the Incan Civilization?

Pachacuti. Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the Mayan Civilization?

Developed written language, numerical system, calendar, agricultural system, trade routes. Signup and view all the answers

What city was established by the Mexica?

Tenochtitlan. Signup and view all the answers

What type of civilizations existed in the North?

Complex and varied civilizations that relied on hunting, gathering, and fishing. Signup and view all the answers

What did the people in the Arctic Circle primarily do?

Fished and hunted seals. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the settlement patterns of the Pacific Northwest.

Fished salmon and established permanent settlements along the coast. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key feature of the Desert Southwest?

Built large irrigation systems to farm on dry land. Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the Agricultural Revolution?

Tribes began to become more sedentary and form permanent civilizations. Signup and view all the answers

What was a similarity in tribal cultures?

Many gods and a population growth due to important religious beliefs based on nature. Signup and view all the answers

What were some incentives for Europe to look to the Americas?

Population growth, growth in commerce, advances in navigation and shipbuilding. Signup and view all the answers

What event had originally killed almost ⅓ of the population in the 1300s?

The Black Death. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?

A Portuguese prince who explored the western coast of Africa. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Christopher Columbus' voyages?

He was the first to discover land between Europe and Asia. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the impact of smallpox on Native American populations.

Smallpox killed many natives, almost wiping out populations in some areas. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Ordinance of Discovery?

Spanish laws that banned the most brutal military conquests. Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the Colombian Exchange?

Introduction of disease, crops, livestock, language, religion, intermarriage, racial hierarchies, and labor systems. Signup and view all the answers

Who was John Cabot?

He made the first documented English contact with the New World in 1497. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Enclosure Movement?

Farmers were evicted as demand for wool increased and farms were fenced off. Signup and view all the answers

What did Mercantilism entail?

A trade system where colonies provided raw materials to the mother country. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Richard Hakluyt?

An English clergyman who favored colonization to create new markets and alleviate poverty. Signup and view all the answers

What started the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church in 1517. Signup and view all the answers

What are the Puritans known for?

Strong Protestants who wanted more reform in the Church of England. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the French settlement of Quebec?

First French settlement founded in 1608, forming strong ties with natives. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Henry Hudson?

He sailed up the river that is now known as the Hudson River while seeking a route to the Pacific. Signup and view all the answers

What was Roanoke?

A colony founded in 1585 that disappeared by 1590. Signup and view all the answers

What charters were issued for Jamestown and Plymouth?

In 1606, King James I issued a charter that divided America for colonization. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Early Migration and Cultures

Clovis Peoples: Migrants of Mongolian descent who entered the Americas via the Bering Strait.
Challenges to traditional migration history indicate some migrants traveled by sea, suggesting earlier maritime exploration.
Archaic Period: Transition from hunting and gathering with stone tools to sedentary farming and permanent settlements.

Major Civilizations in the Americas

Incan Civilization: Founded by Pachacuti, expanded over 2,000 miles along western South America through alliances and military force.
Mayan Civilization: Notable for advancements in written language, numerical systems, calendars, agriculture, and trade routes.
Mexica (Aztec) Civilization: Succeeded the Mayans, establishing Tenochtitlan, which became a major city with a population of 100,000 by 1500.

Diverse Societies Across Regions

Northern civilizations varied and were not large empires; relied on hunting, gathering, and fishing.
Eskimos: Inhabitants of the Arctic who survived through fishing and hunting.
Pacific Northwest: Permanent settlements, primarily focused on fishing salmon and resource competition.
Desert Southwest: Developed large irrigation systems for farming and built towns as trade centers.
Great Plains: Predominantly sedentary farming with some nomadic tribes.
Eastern Woodlands: Rich food resources allowed for farming, hunting, gathering, and permanent settlements.

Transformations in Societal Structures

Agricultural Revolution: Marked shift toward sedentary lifestyles and permanent civilizations.
Gender Divisions: Gender-specific roles in labor, with variations among tribes regarding farming and hunting responsibilities.

European Exploration Motivations

Increase in population post-Black Death boosted land value and commerce.
Advances in navigation and shipbuilding facilitated long-distance sea travel.
Centralization of European governments fostered strong monarchies eager to expand territories.

Pioneering Explorers and Discoveries

Prince Henry the Navigator: Portuguese figure who promoted exploration along the African coast.
Bartholomeu Dias and Vasco de Gama: Key figures in rounding Africa and establishing trade routes to India.
Christopher Columbus: Italian navigator funded by Spain, credited with opening the Americas to European exploration.

Impact of Voyages and Conquests

Spanish Conquistadores: Notable figures included Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, who facilitated the Spanish Empire's expansion through military conquest and disease.
Introduction of smallpox devastated Native populations, aiding Spanish conquests in Mexico and Peru.
Three Phases of Spanish Empire: Discovery, Conquest, and Colonial periods characterized the Spanish expansion in the Americas.

Structure and Control of the Spanish Empire

Ordinance of Discovery: Banned severe military conquests, shifting toward expansion with regulated control.
Catholic Church’s influence in the New World focused on converting Native peoples and establishing missions.
St. Augustine: Spain's first permanent settlement in the U.S., established as a military and missionary fort.

Cultural and Economic Exchanges

Columbian Exchange: Resulted in widespread impact from disease, crops, livestock, and cultural intermarriage between Europeans and Natives.
Labor Systems evolved, primarily utilizing natives for labor, leading to the early foundations of a slave trade system.

Origins of African Slave Trade

West Africans sold into slavery since 700 CE, with demand rising due to sugarcane cultivation needs.
The African slave trade expanded significantly in the Americas by the 1700s.

Protestant Reformation initiated challenges to Catholic authority, inspiring movements like Calvinism and the formation of the Church of England.
Puritans sought further reforms, and with King James I's reign, faced increased persecution prompting migration to the New World.

Relationships with Indigenous Peoples

French settlements like Quebec fostered close ties with local tribes through trade and intermarriage, contrasting with Spanish and English approaches.
Dutch exploration led to the founding of New Amsterdam, promoting trade and agricultural settlement through charters and land grants.

Notable Early Colonies

Roanoke: Established but mysteriously vanished, marking one of the earliest failed English attempts at colonization.
Jamestown and Plymouth: Two key early English colonies with charters granted for settlement, shaping the future of colonization efforts in America.

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Explore the key concepts from Chapter 1, which delves into the Collision of Cultures. These flashcards cover topics such as the Clovis Peoples and alternative theories regarding early human migration to the Americas. Test your understanding of early migration and its implications on historical narratives.