History and Fundamentals of Materials Engineering

History of Construction Materials

• Building material includes materials for house construction
• Common construction materials include wood, cement, aggregates, metals, bricks, concrete, and clay
• Materials are classified into natural and artificial types
• Focus is now on the sustainability of natural sources
• Materials engineering is a priority and it has been used since the Stone, Bronze, and Steel Ages
• It includes ceramics, magnetic, and biological materials
• The basics emerged in the 19th century when thermodynamic characteristics were found to affect physical properties
• Space exploration has aided development of materials science
• Space vehicles use metallic alloys, silica, and carbon materials in their construction
• Materials engineering affects progress in plastics, biomaterials, and semiconductors

Fundamentals of Materials Engineering

• Materials engineering aims to produce materials with desired characteristics
• Material structure and properties rely on chemical elements
• It is a broad science including chemistry, physics, mechanical, and civil engineering

Use of Materials in Industry

• Materials engineering aids creation of modern products and tech
• It is used in materials design, processing improvements, and analytical techniques
• The industry uses casting, welding, rolling, sintering, and film deposition techniques
• Analytical techniques include electron microscopy, calorimetry, and neutron diffraction
• Materials engineering is important for extraction and transforming materials into useful structures

Impact in the Future

• The evolution of materials is rapidly improving existing products and new technologies, improving our lives
• Materials engineering is a key engineering field with a major impact on the global economy

Evolution of Building Materials

• 400 BC: Perishable materials like trees, hives, and caves were used
• Industrial Revolution: Metals and steel helped launch an architecture revolution
• Modern: Engineered materials like bricks, steel, concrete, and glass are now used
• Post-Modern: The modern era presents innovative green building materials, designs, and styles
• The 1st construction materials included clay and mud shaped with hay, straw, sticks, dung, and other organic fibers
• Igloos in Arctic areas were assembled with ice
• Wood, logs, sticks, and thatch followed for construction materials
• Large uncut rocks were piled to form historic structures
• Advanced composite materials including cement and concrete reinforced with steel or other metals came later
• The industrial revolution saw a shift away from tents and mud huts toward skyscrapers made of glass or metal
• High-rise buildings use steel or other metals
• Plastics formed of polymers, now offer longer-lasting options
• Plastics can be molded easily while in a liquid state, which makes them light in weight and cheaper comparatively
• Current Green Building materials are weather-sensitive, designed with nanotechnologies, and sustainable

Terms Used

• CSI: Construction Specifications Institute
• MasterFormat: A standard for formatting construction specifications
• Specifications: The sections written for subjects organized under the CSI format to define building construction, alteration, demolition, or removal
• ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials; an international organization for developing and publishing technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services
• NBCP: National Building Code of the Philippines
• DOST: Department of Science and Technology

Introduction to 16 Divisions of Uniform Construction

• Before 1961, construction specs were often a single document describing necessary materials and work
• Specifications were often arranged chronologically and by craft or trade
• T. L. Donaldson, in Handbook of Specifications (1860), divided into carcass and finishing

A Short History of the CSI MasterFormat

• In 1948, the CSI was founded to work on categorizing and organizing construction specifications into a numbering system
• Availability of advanced materials and methods necessitated consistency and organization across all projects
• The first CSI Format for Construction Specifications was published in 1963, having 16 divisions
• This publication in 1963 organized specifications into 16 divisions with subjects that had a section assigned called an item of work; 314 sections were arranged alphabetically
• The publication was updated in 1964, becoming 28 pages that included 1010 sections within the same 16 divisions with more devoted pages
• The Uniform Construction Index (UCI) was developed in 1972 to make a simple, logical system for data retrieval
• The UCI used a 5-digit system for divisions and sections
• The CSI format used a 5-digit numbering system for updates in 1972 and featured 1220 sections
• In 1975, the MasterFormat included 2120 listings within 16 divisions and a new division, division 0 that included bidding requirements and conditions of contract
• In 1983, the MasterFormat entitled Division 0 as Document Numbers

MasterFormat Updates

• Sections before Division 0 were updated in 1988, called documents rather than sections
• Master List of Numbers and Titles for the Construction Industry in 1995 was published by CSI and the Construction Specifications Canada (CSC) jointly
• MasterFormat 2004 brought an increase in divisions from the original 16 to 50
• The 5-digit numbering system was replaced with a 6-digit system, while also allowing user-defined numbers and titles

Timeline

• MasterFormat introduction in 1963, CSC produced the building construction index in 1966 with similar data
• CSI and CSC merged systems and published the Uniform Construction Index in 1972
• Public review in 1995 and major expansion in 2004 to address divisions including infrastructure and process equipment

Pre 2012 Divisions

• MasterFormat 2014 edition is the same as the 2004 version except the latter had the "Process Integration" division
• The MasterFormat 1995 Edition was the same as the 1988 except with "Site Construction"
• Before November 2004, MasterFormat had 16 divisions

The 16 Divisions

• General requirements
• Sitework
• Concrete
• Masonry
• Metals
• Wood and plastics
• Thermal and moisture protection
• Doors and windows
• Finishes
• Specialties
• Equipment
• Furnishings
• Special construction
• Conveying systems
• Mechanical
• Electrical

Other Related Items

• All MasterFormat specificaions were nonconforming to CSI sections above
• CSI publishes MasterFormat which is a standardized classification for construction information such as project cost estimated
• In 2004, the revised MasterFormat of 50 Divisions reflected complexity and addition of facility life cycle
• This was positioned to help facilitate building info, MasterFormat serves as the organizational structure for publications in the construction industry
• The MasterFormat in the Divisions can also be used to reference performance and safety requirements including ASTM and OSHA

Other

• UNIFORMAT is a classification system organized by functional elements, constituent parts of a functional form
• The first edition released in 1992, with revised editions in 1998 and 2010
• Levels 1 through 3 can be applied to project descriptions, with levels 4 and below for a more detailed breakdown
• SECTION FORMAT provides a standard arrangement of construction specification sections

Section Formats

• Part 1: General – covers administrative and procedural requirements unique to the section, expanding on Division 01 subjects and adding section-specific information
• Part 2: Products – describes incorporated systems, assemblies, equipment, products, materials, fabrications, and mixes
• Part 3: Execution – covers requirements for field/site installation, application, preparatory actions, and post-installation care/protection
• The three-part format is common throughout construction
• CSI first published Section Format in 1969
• The most recent edition was published in 2008
• Page Format offers a style guide for presenting construction specifications section titles and content as detailed by Section Format
• CSI first published Page Format in 1975
• Section Format and Page Format were published as separate publications until 2008

Green Format

• CSI’s GreenFormat – is a standardized structure for organizing sustainable information related to materials, products, systems, and technologies utilized in construction projects
• Manufacturers are assisted in identifying key product characteristics
• Designers, constructors, and building operators are assisted in meeting sustainable design and operation goals
• Identification of the criteria, standards, and applicable certifications is provided effectively to the designers, constructors, and operators for effective evaluation
• The Green format organizes sustainable product information into five categories which include information, properties, life cycle, policies, and documentation
• CSI first published GreenFormat in 2009 with the most current edition of 2015

Uniform Drawing System

• CSI's Uniform Drawing System is part of the National CAD Standard (NCS), together with the American Institute of Architects (AIA)'s CAD Layer Guidelines
• The NCS coordinates these CAD-related publications for communication among designers and construction teams

Stages to Build Your Home

• The first essential step is to know how to build your home/building, giving background of materials
• Site preparation and the blueprints, documents, and permits must be verified and approved by local agencies
• Construction can begin with permits and groundbreaking
• Site preparation and foundation works are directed by an engineer or architect after which preparations will need to occur including a site and crew level check, acquire permits, and temporary Foundation
• Rough framing occurs after foundation work, including floors, roofs, walls referred to the skeleton and shell
• The houses skeleton and shell are constructed to prepare rough plumbing, electrical, and HVAC systems
• Electrical, piping, AC components, and water systems are implemented at this stage
• Insulation is a stage for energy-efficient designs, common types include concrete, fiberglass, foam mineral, Structurally Insulated, and Spray
• Drywall, exterior Finishes, and Interior Fixtures are completed
• Walls are textured, and base coats are applied
• Exterior Finishes are also installed

Walkways, Trim, and Interior

• Walkways and DriveWays are installed, doors, windowsills, and decorative trim are set after drywall
• Cabinets, paint, and carpentry work is finished
• Pouring is commenced for the driveway
• Countertops and Hard Surface Flooring of ceramic tile or vinyl must be installed
• Exterior finish levels should be set to ensure appropriate drainage
• Bathroom Fixtures and Mechanical Trims are installed
• Light Fixtures, switches, outlets, panels, and HVAC systems are installed
• Toilets, faucets, and sinks are installed
• Exterior Landscaping, carpeting, and Mirrors are installed
• Landscaping is complete in full, cleanup happens
• Builder, architect and engineer complete a comprehensive review

Building Materials

• Builder, architect and engineer spot all items and determine proper upkeep
• Turnover occurs when all requirements are met and the job is complete
• The owner may now move in
• The Philippines has a government agency, Department of Science and Technology (DOST), that handles science and technology projects
• The DOST helps with policies and directs science and technology efforts for "maximum economic and social benefits"
• The agency helps with construction discoveries and innovations, and oversees building material standards
• Construction in the Philippines require that materials are implemented and standards are mandatory

Wood

• Wood is from a renewable source
• Material used is often and fibrous from trees grown in forests, this ensures sustainability
• It has high strength to weight ratio
• For construction, wood has inherent and visual aesthetics
• Wood properties can be identified through grading procedures
• Wood is in two classes of natural and manmade with use as timber, lumber, etc
• The latter form, called composite wood material, is adaptable because chemical, thermal, or other treatments are performed

Identification

• Excellent construction material
• Durable and able to shape easily
• To be carefully chosen with different qualities and construction capabilities

Terms of Reference

• Hardboard
• Sawyer
• Head rig
• Slab
• Handsaw
• Tensile strength
• Counterbanding
• Plans
• Plywood
• Planer
• Resinduct

To Identify Live Trees

• Hardwood comes from broad leaves trees
• Softwood comes from confers with needles or scales

Example

• Hardwoods have pores, softwoods dont
• Pores specialize vessels that dissolved nutrients are moved

Resin

• Viscous clear substance that is meant to protect places where there have been injuries
• Resin ducts are openings in woods that move resin
• Softwoods have these where hardwoods dont

Wood Features

• Modes of growth
• Density of Wood
• Leaves
• Colour differences
• Texture of Grain
• Nature of Surface
• Types of heartwood
• Odor

Properties of Wood

• Some are durable
• Can withstand abrasiveness
• Ability to be moved

Lumbering

• process for preparing lumber cutting into commercial pieces
• It can involve the felling of a tree and the skidding ( moving logs)

Sawing

• the process for cutting logs into smaller pieces after removal of branches

Lumber mills –

• equipped with machinery capable of high-speed operations
• Equipped to saw logs to scale
• Head rig is the place they saw lumber
• Timber can be moved
• Sawyer is the person operating cutting

Methods of Sawing Logs

• Plain or bastard is tangential
• Quarter is rift sawing using some methods

Terms used in Pieces of Wood

• Slab is the first cut from paper pulps
• cant is the piece of wood where slabs have been removed
• The pieces of wood need least one smooth side

Sawing Grains

• Should have side and edges
• Process of growing timber helps better scientific process

Wood and decay

• Wood doesnt decay, its caused through unfavorable conditions
• Methods are to poison to food supply of fungus

Types

• Oils preservatives that can be applied on exposed timer
• Solvent that includes toxic compounds
• Water soluble inorganic salts are not meant for outside locations

Common causes of Defects of wood

• Fungi and moulds
• Insect and Worms

Growth

• There will be Shakes
• Wind shakes
• Star shakes
• knots

Deteriorations

• Dry rot
• Wet Rot

Seasoning of Umber

• Seasoning is a way of soaking Timber
• One of the best seasoning is Natural Air Process

Process for Air seasoning

• lumberis pulled for outdoor
• Piled in a shed
• An artificial one would stack lumber in a dying kiln subject to pressurized steam

Artificial Method of Lumber Drying

• Booster with air which is air process of drying
• Build a room or chamber

Radio use

• Rapid die electric

Measuring lumber

• Measured using boards
• Nominal is dimension before the surfaces or dryer
• Dressed sizes are after the surface

Moderns

• Man made

Woods made with advances

• They improve the environment with improved shapes and dimensions
• Appearance depends on process for solid, composite, fiberm and chemical to shape them
• Fiberwoods require less volume from wood or veggies

Wood products from lumber

• Lumber come into different products

Chemical reaction of Woods

• Chemical reactions can also create products

Veneering

• There should be sheets of woods

Ply Wood

• The process uses add numbers of piles
• Fibrewboards are molded
• Bonding is a process

ParticleBoards

• These Wood can be created with chipboard to make particle boar
• Dimensional and smooth so nailing is effective

Blackboards

• There needs to be a few veneered surfaces that create a core

Batten Boards

• there can be lmin Boards as well
• They use wood at each layer