Historie Palestiny

• Palestina is a historical territory in the Near East, located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River.
• Purpur is a natural red dye from a Mediterranean mollusk called ostranka.

History of Palestine

• The name Palestine is derived from the Philistines, who settled there around 1200 BC.
• From the 13th century onwards, Hebrew-Israelite tribes penetrated the area.
• They were led by judges during the "Period of the Judges".
• In the 11th century, King Solomon, David's son, reigned and was known for the Temple of Jerusalem.
• After his death, the kingdom split into two:
  • The Kingdom of Israel (Samaria), fell to the Assyrians.
  • The Kingdom of Judah (Jerusalem), fell to the Babylonians.
• After being conquered by the Persians, they were allowed to return.
• In the 2nd century BC, the area was part of the Greek Seleucid Empire, marked by frequent Maccabean uprisings.
• In the 1st century BC, the Romans gained control, forming the province of Judea under rulers like Herod the Great.
• The Jewish War took place in the 1st century AD.
• The Bar Kokhba revolt occurred in the 2nd century AD.
• The temple was destroyed.
• Diaspora refers to the dispersion of Jews throughout the world, originating from Palestine.

Phoenician City-States

• Prominent Phoenician cities included Tyre, Sidon, Byblos, and Carthage.
• Their writing system was alphabetic, but written without vowel markings, making it difficult to read.

Persians

• The Persians are a nation from the Caucasus.
• In the 6th century BC, Cyrus the Great created an empire, forming the Achaemenid dynasty.
• King Darius I expanded the empire eastward towards Afghanistan and India.
• The empire was divided into satrapies (provinces).
• The Persian Empire existed from the 6th to the 4th centuries BC, marked by wars with Greece.

Persian Religion

• Zoroaster teachings involved a struggle between God and the Devil.

Decline of the Persian Empire

• In 331 BC, Alexander the Great conquered the empire.
• After his death, Arabs gradually took over the Persian territories.
• Modern states: Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan.

Syropalestine region

• Consisted of Jews, Hittites, Phoenicians and Persians.

Palestine in ancient times

• Palestine is a historical territory in the Near East between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River.
• Originally referred to as the Land of Israel or Hebrew Land.
• In the Torah (Bible) it is described as The Promised Land.
• The area includes the current State of Israel, the Jordan River, and parts of Lebanon and Syria.
• The area was settled by Hebrew tribes.
• The name Palestine is derived from the Philistines, a sea people who settled there around 1200 BC.
• The Patriarchal Period involved the arrival of the forefather from Ur to Canaan (Palestine) around 1800 BC (Bible) and departure to Egypt around 1500 BC.
• Exodus (departure) of Hebrew-Israelite tribes from Egypt led by Exodus, settlement in Canaan (13th-11th century BC).
• 12 tribes were formed, led by Judges, the Period of Judges.
• Royal period started from the 11th century BC.
  • Saul was the first Hebrew king.
  • David fought Goliath.
  • Solomon (son of David) was a influential ruler and was known for the Temple of Jerusalem.
• After Solomon's death, two territories were divided:
  • North, Samaria, fell to Syrians in the 8th century BC.
  • South, Jerusalem, fell to Babylonians in the 6th century BC.
• Persians allowed Jews to return after defeating Babylon.
• Palestine was ruled by Greeks in the 2nd century BC.
• Romans dominated the territory in the 1st century BC.
  • Herod the Great was one of the kings, there were frequent uprisings.
  • Only the Wailing Wall in Jerusalem remained.
• Diaspora, dispersion of Jews around the world.
• Jewish religion, 1st monotheistic religion.
• The holy book is the Old Testament(part of Bible), describes history of Jews, has 3 parts.
  • Five Books of Moses - Law, Prophets, Writings.

Ten Commandments

• You shall have no other gods before me.
• You shall not misuse the name of the Lord your God.
• Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy.
• Honor your father and your mother.
• You shall not murder.
• You shall not commit adultery.
• You shall not steal.
• You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor.
• You shall not covet your neighbor's wife.
• You shall not covet anything that belongs to your neighbor.
• Moses received from God on Mount Sinai - the Ark of the Covenant.

Symbols of Judaism

• Synagogue.
• Rabbi.
• Shabbat.

Hittites

• Arrived from around 2000 BC.
• The area of today's Turkey, the main city with large walls.
• Contacts and fights with Egypt.
• Part of the Assyrian Empire in the 8th century BC, later Phoenicians.
• Hittite script - cuneiform, the influence of Mesopotamia.
• The language was deciphered by a Czech scientist.

Phoenicians

• Largest merchants and sailors of antiquity.
• Founded city-states along the fertile Mediterranean Sea - North Africa, Sicily, Pyrenees Peninsula, Sardinia (e.g. cities of Byblos, Sidon, Tyre).
• Often under the rule of Egyptians, Assyrians, Persians.
• Part of Greece from the 4th century BC.
• Traded with Purpura which is a natural red dye from the Mediterranean mollusk ostranka.
• Took over the Phoenician script.
• Used characters only for consonants - difficult to read.

Persians

• Nation from the Caucasus.
• In the 6th century BC- Cyrus creates the empire, Achaemenid dynasty.
• Gradually occupy the territory of Mesopotamia and Egypt.
• The Capital city: Persepolis - today's Iran.
• Darius I.
• The empire expands east to Afghanistan and India.
• The empire is divided into provinces.
• War with the Greeks from the 6th-4th centuries.
• Reich was conquered in 331 BC.
• Arabs gradually occupied the empire- Today's states Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan.