Podcast
Questions and Answers
What impact did the Protestant Reformation have on the concept of 'self'?
What impact did the Protestant Reformation have on the concept of 'self'?
Which historical period is associated with questioning existing beliefs about religion and monarchy?
Which historical period is associated with questioning existing beliefs about religion and monarchy?
Which theorist introduced the concept of the unconscious mind, fundamentally changing the understanding of the self?
Which theorist introduced the concept of the unconscious mind, fundamentally changing the understanding of the self?
What critical role did Mary Wollstonecraft play in changing perceptions of the self?
What critical role did Mary Wollstonecraft play in changing perceptions of the self?
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What concept introduced by Carl Jung describes the public facade people maintain?
What concept introduced by Carl Jung describes the public facade people maintain?
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Which philosophical movement occurred during the Industrial Revolution, influencing the idea of the 'self'?
Which philosophical movement occurred during the Industrial Revolution, influencing the idea of the 'self'?
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How did Charles Darwin's theories challenge traditional views of humanity?
How did Charles Darwin's theories challenge traditional views of humanity?
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What did the concept of the ID represent in Freudian psychology?
What did the concept of the ID represent in Freudian psychology?
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Which historical event is closely linked to the rise of individualism during the 18th and 19th centuries?
Which historical event is closely linked to the rise of individualism during the 18th and 19th centuries?
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What aspect of the self did Freud identify as often hidden from conscious awareness?
What aspect of the self did Freud identify as often hidden from conscious awareness?
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What primarily motivates extraverts in social situations?
What primarily motivates extraverts in social situations?
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Which stage of self-awareness involves children understanding that what they see in the mirror is 'out there'?
Which stage of self-awareness involves children understanding that what they see in the mirror is 'out there'?
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According to Jung, what key realization occurs during the teenage years regarding the self?
According to Jung, what key realization occurs during the teenage years regarding the self?
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What does 'Ikigai' translate to in English?
What does 'Ikigai' translate to in English?
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In the Gallup mirror dot test, what does the inability to recognize oneself indicate?
In the Gallup mirror dot test, what does the inability to recognize oneself indicate?
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What does the concept of self-referential processing in fMRI studies primarily explore?
What does the concept of self-referential processing in fMRI studies primarily explore?
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What is the main factor differentiating independent and interdependent selves across cultures?
What is the main factor differentiating independent and interdependent selves across cultures?
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What aspect of self-development is primarily emphasized in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
What aspect of self-development is primarily emphasized in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
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In terms of measuring self-awareness, which animal's performance in the mirror dot test is often highlighted?
In terms of measuring self-awareness, which animal's performance in the mirror dot test is often highlighted?
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What is a primary focus of cultural psychology concerning interdependence?
What is a primary focus of cultural psychology concerning interdependence?
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At which stage of self-awareness are children capable of explicitly referring to themselves while exploring their reflection?
At which stage of self-awareness are children capable of explicitly referring to themselves while exploring their reflection?
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What misconception about the self is commonly explored by philosophers such as Dan Dennett?
What misconception about the self is commonly explored by philosophers such as Dan Dennett?
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What aspect of self did the chimpanzee mirror dot test primarily focus on?
What aspect of self did the chimpanzee mirror dot test primarily focus on?
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Study Notes
Historical Views of the Self
- The self became less tied to religion after the 1500s, with the Protestant Reformation emphasizing earthly fulfillment over an afterlife.
- Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church, suggesting faith, not actions, led to salvation.
- Luther's translation of the Bible into German, made on a printing press, democratized religious understanding.
The Enlightenment (1600-1815)
- This period promoted a more scientific and accurate understanding of the world and ourselves.
- Existing beliefs, including religion, monarchy, and slavery, were questioned.
- Political change, like the American and French revolutions, and the pursuit of civil rights and liberties emerged.
UK Industrial Revolution (1750-1900)
- The shift from agriculture to industrial work increased living standards, life expectancy, and education levels.
- Self-reliance and individualism increased alongside movements like feminism, labor unions and the rise of communism.
Unconscious Mind & Psychoanalysis (1856-1936)
- This period marked a breakthrough in understanding the self psychologically.
- Freud's concept of unconscious drives, development of talking therapies, and consideration of childhood trauma laid groundwork for self-psychology.
- Complete self-knowledge was considered impossible.
Individuals Who Shaped the Idea of "Self"
- Mary Wollstonecraft: A pioneer of human rights, she advocated for women's education and challenged gender roles.
- Charles Darwin: Darwin's theories of natural selection and sexual selection challenged the human-animal divide and our species' origins.
- Sigmund Freud: Proposed that the human mind has an Id (unconscious desires), Ego (reasoning), and Superego (conscience), shaping personal perceptions and behavior.
- Carl Jung: Developed the concept of "persona," a mask we present to others, distinct from our true self. Jung also detailed the shadow self, and explored introversion and extraversion as personality traits.
Philosophy of Self - Dan Dennett
- The self is a complex narrative construct formed from memories, thoughts, and preferences.
- The authenticity of the self and its nature as an illusion are questioned.
Development of the Self
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Phylogenetics (Evolutionary History of the Self):
- The Gallup mirror test (dot on animal's head and mirror) was used to measure self-awareness, with results indicating varying levels across species.
- Chimpanzees demonstrated self-recognition, while lower primates did not.
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Ontofenetic (Individual Development of the Self):
- Rochat's stages (0-5) detail infant development, from obliviousness to self-awareness, culminating in self-conscious self-recognition.
- Jung's Adult Self-Awareness Development: During adolescents, individuals figure out their identity and understand their persona, ego, and shadow self.
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: This model illustrates the progression of needs, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.
- Ikigai: This Japanese concept connects "reasons for living," "self-actualization," and "purpose of life."
Culture and the Self
- Different cultures have diverse views of self, others, and their interconnectedness.
- Independent vs. interdependent selves: Cultural variation exists in defining the self as independent or interdependent on others.
- Contrasting cultural perspectives on self-representation were observed in media language analysis comparing American and Japanese athletes.
Modern Study of the Self
- fMRI Studies and Self-Referential Processing: Neuroimaging (fMRI) was used to research self-referential processing and related brain regions.
- Facebook and Well-being: Facebook use, rather than direct social interaction, predicted lower mood and life satisfaction over time.
- Drugs and the Self: Psychedelics can evoke feelings of interconnectedness and ego dissolution.
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Description
This quiz explores the evolution of the concept of self from the 1500s to the Industrial Revolution. It covers the impact of the Protestant Reformation, the Enlightenment, and social changes during the Industrial era. Dive deep into how individualism and self-reliance developed through various historical movements.
