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Questions and Answers
Where did the Romans build elaborate public baths throughout the empire?
Where did the Romans build elaborate public baths throughout the empire?
What was the function of the Apodyteria in Roman baths?
What was the function of the Apodyteria in Roman baths?
What part of the Roman thermae was used for rubbing with oil?
What part of the Roman thermae was used for rubbing with oil?
In which country is the Pont du Gard aqueduct located?
In which country is the Pont du Gard aqueduct located?
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Where did Christianity originate according to the text?
Where did Christianity originate according to the text?
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What was the belief of the Jews living in Judea about their freedom?
What was the belief of the Jews living in Judea about their freedom?
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Where did Jesus move to after his resurrection according to the text?
Where did Jesus move to after his resurrection according to the text?
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Which part of a Roman bath was used for warm baths?
Which part of a Roman bath was used for warm baths?
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What is the purpose of a mosque?
What is the purpose of a mosque?
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What feature in a mosque signifies the direction of Mecca?
What feature in a mosque signifies the direction of Mecca?
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Who is the individual responsible for leading the congregation in prayer in Islam?
Who is the individual responsible for leading the congregation in prayer in Islam?
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Which architectural element in a mosque is designed for ceremonial announcements?
Which architectural element in a mosque is designed for ceremonial announcements?
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What architectural feature in a mosque is an open-fronted porch facing a courtyard?
What architectural feature in a mosque is an open-fronted porch facing a courtyard?
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Which of the following is NOT part of a mosque's architectural design?
Which of the following is NOT part of a mosque's architectural design?
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What is the main function of a Minaret in a mosque?
What is the main function of a Minaret in a mosque?
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Which design element in a mosque symbolizes the focal point of Islamic prayer?
Which design element in a mosque symbolizes the focal point of Islamic prayer?
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Who is considered the caller who summons the faithful to prayer in Islam?
Who is considered the caller who summons the faithful to prayer in Islam?
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What does the Mimbar serve as in a mosque?
What does the Mimbar serve as in a mosque?
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Study Notes
Pre-Historic Architecture
- Humans spread from Africa to Southern Europe, Asia, and eventually North America and Australia
- By 9000 BC, farming and agriculture were practiced, and animal domestication was used for work, milk, and wool
- The development of tools, such as those made of stone, wood, and bone, contributed to the success of human evolution
Architectural Characteristics
- Early dwellings were mostly single-room structures
- The development of more complex civilizations led to the division of rooms into smaller spaces for eating, sleeping, and socializing
- Primitive dwellings, such as wigwams, tepees, and igloos, were constructed using local materials and showed little difference from modern times
Near East Architecture
- Mesopotamian city-states, such as Ur, Babylon, Agade, Ashur, and Damascus, were formed around 2334 BC
- Each city-state was surrounded by a wall and dominated by a large temple
- The society was divided into kings, craftsmen, soldiers, farmers, and priests
- The Persians, led by Cyrus the Great, formed an empire that covered Mesopotamia, Anatolia, the Eastern Mediterranean, Bactria, the Indus Valley, and North Africa
Ziggurats and Palaces
- Ziggurats were religious buildings built next to temples, with a small temple on top
- Palaces, such as the Palace Platform at Persepolis, were built to celebrate the victories, wealth, and power of kings
- The Palace of Persepolis took 50 years to build and featured a variety of architectural styles
Egyptian Architecture
- The Nile River made Egypt a wealthy country, and the pharaohs were seen as gods dwelling on earth
- The society was divided into senior priests, officials, noblemen, and army commanders, with most ordinary Egyptians being farmers
- Architects, engineers, theologians, and laborers worked together to design, finance, and construct monumental buildings
- The Egyptians developed a system of writing, astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy
Architectural Characteristics
- Walls were thick and battered, with unbroken massive walls used for temples and monuments
- Roofs were not an important consideration, and flat roofs were used to cover and exclude heat
- Stone was abundant and used for monuments and religious buildings
- Decorations included moldings, hieroglyphics, and torus moldings
Pyramids and Temples
- Pyramids were massive funerary structures built for pharaohs, with the Step Pyramid of Zoser being the first large-scale monument in stone
- The Great Pyramid of Gizeh is the most magnificent of the pyramids, with equilateral sides facing the cardinal points
- Rock-cut tombs were built along hillside for nobility, not royalty
- Mortuary temples were built in honor of pharaohs, while cult temples were built in honor of gods
Fortresses and Dwellings
- Fortresses were built on the west bank of the Nile or on islands, with the Fortress of Buhen being the largest fortified town near Nubia
- Dwellings were made of crude brick, with one or two storey high flat roofs, and featured a reception suite, service quarters, and private quarters### Pre-Historic Architecture
- Developed due to the need for tools, made of stone, wood, and bones
- No organized religion, but the dead were treated with respect through burial rituals and monuments
- Examples of pre-historic architecture:
- Caves paintings in Africa, France, and Spain
- Megalithic structures in France, England, and Ireland
- Menhir (a single, large upright monolith) in Carnac, France
- Dolmen (a tomb of standing stones) in Carnac, France
- Cromlech (an enclosure formed by huge stones) in Carnac, France
- Stonehenge (a monolithic monument) in England
Primitive Dwellings
- Mostly one-roomed, with the development of more complex civilizations leading to division of rooms for eating, sleeping, and socializing
- Examples of primitive dwellings:
- Wigwam or Tepee (conical tent with wooden poles) in North America
- Hogan (primitive Indian structure of joined logs) in North America
- Igloo (house constructed of hard-packed snow blocks) in the Arctic
- Beehive Hut (a primitive hut made of mud and straw) in Africa
- Trullo (a dry-walled rough stone shelter) in Italy
Near East Architecture
- Historical timeline:
- Mesopotamian Empire under King Sargon of Agade
- Mesopotamian Empire under King Hammurabi
- Assyrian Empire under King Ashurbanipal
- Persian Empire under King Darius I
- Characterized by:
- Clay and mud bricks
- Use of timber, copper, tin, lead, gold, and silver
- Colossal winged-bulls guarding chief portals
- Polychrome glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow, and green
- Murals of decorative continuous stone
- Examples of Near East architecture:
- Ziggurats (religious buildings) in Mesopotamia
- Palaces (kings' celebrations of victories, wealth, and power) in Mesopotamia
- Temple of Persepolis (Audience Hall, Reception Halls, Storerooms, etc.) in Persia
Egyptian Architecture
- Historical timeline:
- Combined kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt under King Menes
- Pharaohs (gods dwelling on earth, sole masters of the country)
- Characteristics:
- Narrow stretch of fertile land along the Nile
- Divided into groups: senior priests, officials, noblemen, and army commanders
- Wealthy country due to the Nile's annual overflow
- Pharaohs' tombs: monumental architecture, burial chambers, offering chapels, and mortuary temples
- Use of stone, metals, and timber
- Examples of Egyptian architecture:
- Pyramids (Pyramid of Cheops, Pyramid of Chephren, Pyramid of Mykerinos)
- Temple of Ammon (Grandest temple, with pylons, court, hypostyle hall, and sanctuary)
- Temple of Hatshepsut (Prototype of Greek Doric temples)
- Mammisi Temple (Became the prototype of Greek temples)
- Obelisks (upright stone, square in plan, with an electrum-capped pyramidion on top)Here are the study notes:
Historical Timeline of Architecture
- The text covers the historical timeline of architecture from pre-historic to modern times.
- The timeline includes Near East, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, 18th-19th C Revival, 20th C Modern, Islamic, Indian, Chinese, and Japanese periods.
Greek Architecture
- Greek architecture emerged in the Aegean period (Minoan) from 1900 to 1100 BC.
- The polis (city-state) was the basis of Greek society, with each city-state having its own ruler, government, and laws.
- Greek architecture was influenced by the need for communication and trade between city-states.
- The Hellenic period (800 to 323 BC) saw the peak of Athenian prosperity under Pericles.
- Greek architecture is characterized by the use of columns, trabeated style, and the development of the orders (Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian).
Greek Orders
- The Doric order is characterized by a simple capital, no base, and a shaft with 20 flutes.
- The Ionic order has a volute or scroll capital, a slender column, and 24 flutes.
- The Corinthian order is a decorative variant of the Ionic order, with a deeper capital and a more ornate entablature.
Greek Temple Architecture
- Greek temples were designed to house the image of a deity and were oriented towards the east.
- The Parthenon and the Temple of Nike Apteros are examples of Greek temples.
- Greek temples typically had a porch, a cella, and a rear chamber.
Greek Theater and Stadium
- Greek theaters were carved out of hillsides and were designed for acoustic efficiency.
- Stadiums were used for athletic competitions and were often built near the theater.
Roman Architecture
- Roman architecture emerged in 146 BC and was influenced by Etruscan and Greek styles.
- The Romans developed the use of concrete, arches, and vaults.
- Roman architecture is characterized by the use of the Tuscan order, a simplified version of the Doric order.
Roman Construction System
- The Romans used a combination of columnar and trabeated styles, with the addition of arches and vaults.
- Roman construction systems included the use of opus incertum, opus quadratum, and opus reticulatum.
Roman Architecture Examples
- The Pantheon is a famous example of Roman architecture, with its circular temple design and hemispherical dome.
- Roman forums were central public spaces surrounded by buildings, including basilicas, temples, and markets.
- Roman cities were planned with straight streets and a grid pattern.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the historical timeline of architecture from pre-historic times to modern eras including Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Revival, Modern, Indian, Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino architecture.
