Historical Policies of Pakistan 1955-1958

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary goal of the One Unit Scheme introduced in West Pakistan in 1955?

  • To retain provincial identities while forming a united front.
  • To integrate provinces with distinct languages and cultures. (correct)
  • To eliminate federal governance in Pakistan.
  • To enhance the autonomy of individual provinces.

Which event marked the beginning of martial law in Pakistan under Iskander Mirza?

  • The introduction of the One Unit system.
  • The announcement of the 1956 Constitution.
  • The proclamation on 7 October 1958. (correct)
  • The dismissal of Muhammad Ali Bogra as Prime Minister.

What were the underlying issues criticized about the One Unit Scheme according to Lawrence Ziring?

  • Legal frameworks and constitutional provisions.
  • Administrative efficiency and resource allocation.
  • Sentimental and emotional divisions among people. (correct)
  • Economic cooperation and development initiatives.

Which method did Iskander Mirza intend to implement to reduce provincial prejudices?

<p>The establishment of a unified single province. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant administrative change occurred on 14 October 1955?

<p>The formal establishment of West Pakistan as a unified province. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reason provided for the One Unit Scheme focused on the development aspects?

<p>It would allow the development of backward areas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of Iskander Mirza's actions during his presidency?

<p>He led to the eventual secession of East Pakistan. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did Iskander Mirza's proclamation of martial law have on political governance in Pakistan?

<p>It centralized power in the military and limited democratic processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event prompted Iskander Mirza to declare martial law in Pakistan?

<p>A plan by Suharwardy to unite political leadership against him (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which authority was authorized to enforce martial law as a result of Iskander Mirza's declaration?

<p>Military personnel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key motivations behind the 'One Unit Scheme' introduced by Iskander Mirza?

<p>To prevent East Pakistan from gaining a majority in the Assembly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major action did General Ayub Khan take following the declaration of martial law?

<p>Forced Iskander Mirza to resign (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant constitutional change occurred due to the declaration of martial law in October 1958?

<p>Suspension of the 1956 Constitution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the public reaction to the 'One Unit Scheme' in East Pakistan?

<p>Unpopular and opposed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Iskander Mirza's loss of support from leading politicians impact his presidency?

<p>It forced him to rely on military support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key element of the political landscape in Pakistan that influenced the establishment of military rule?

<p>Constant instability and disagreements among politicians (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major criticism of the proposed bicameral legislature in the draft constitution presented on 28 September 1950?

<p>It favored West Pakistan over East Pakistan. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant aspect of the Public and Representative Officers Disqualification Act (PRODA)?

<p>It allowed ruling elites to disqualify political opponents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Liaquat-Nehru Pact affect minority groups in Pakistan and India?

<p>It made governments responsible for the safety of minorities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the constitutional proposals presented by the Basic Principles Committee?

<p>They faced numerous objections from various groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key influence on the delay in constitutional change after the proposals were presented?

<p>The untimely death of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critique did religious groups express about the proposed constitution?

<p>It failed to integrate Islamic principles sufficiently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying issue contributed to the tensions between East and West Pakistan during the drafting of the constitution?

<p>Disproportionate representation in the legislative assembly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the public sentiment regarding the official language proposal in the draft constitution?

<p>Strong opposition from Bengali speakers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

One Unit Scheme

A plan to unify West Pakistan into a single administrative unit, eliminating the four existing provinces.

Muhammad Ali Bogra's Statement

A statement expressing the belief that eliminating distinct regional identities would strengthen Pakistan's unity.

Reasons for One Unit Scheme

The justifications for unifying West Pakistan, including administrative efficiency, economic development, and constitutional convenience.

Ziring's Critique

The view that the One Unit Scheme in Pakistan ignored significant historical, emotional, and psychological divisions amongst the various groups.

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Iskander Mirza's Role

Iskander Mirza was crucial in enacting and implementing the One Unit Scheme, particularly as acting Governor-General.

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West Pakistan's Formation

West Pakistan came into existence as a unified province on October 14, 1955.

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Dismissed Chief Minister/Dissolved Assemblies

President Mirza dismissed the Chief Minister of Sindh and dissolved assemblies as part of the political changes/challenges of the time.

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Martial Law

Emergency rule enforced by the President to restore order and change political direction.

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Pakistan's First Constitution Draft

A proposed constitution for Pakistan drafted by the Basic Principles Committee in 1950, suggesting a bicameral legislature, presidential election by both houses, Urdu as the official language.

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Criticisms of the 1950 Draft

The 1950 constitution draft faced criticism from East Pakistan (larger population) regarding equal representation, language preference (Urdu vs. Bengali), and power given to the Head of State and Federal Government. Religious groups also voiced concerns.

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PRODA Act

The Public and Representative Officers Disqualification Act, aimed at removing corrupt officials from public office.

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PRODA's Purpose

The Act intended to reduce corruption by debarring politicians and officials found guilty of misconduct via judicial inquiry

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Liaquat-Nehru Pact

An agreement between Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to address refugee issues after the Partition in 1947.

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Refugee Problem (1947)

A significant crisis after the Partition creating large numbers of individuals displaced from their homes and facing difficulties finding stability in Pakistan.

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Quaid's Vision (Regarding Refugees)

The Quaid's (Muhammad Ali Jinnah) concern with the refugee crisis, characterized as an emergency, prompted the establishment of the Central Refugee Council.

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Delay in Constitution Making

Extensive criticism on the first constitution draft and subsequent issues, including the death of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, led to a delay in finalising it.

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Martial Law in Pakistan (1958)

Imposition of military rule in Pakistan by President Iskander Mirza in October 1958

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Iskander Mirza

Pakistani president who declared Martial Law in 1958

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General Ayub Khan

Pakistani army general; became Chief Martial Law Administrator and Prime Minister after Mirza's action.

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Political motivations behind 'One Unit'

Dominant West-Pakistani politicians feared East Pakistan's growing influence and sought to maintain their power.

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Consequences of 'One Unit'

Highly unpopular in East Pakistan, also opposed in Western provinces.

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Suspension of 1956 Constitution

Martial law revoked existing Constitution and fundamental rights.

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Dissolution of Assemblies

Federal and provincial assemblies were disbanded under martial law.

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Study Notes

Other Policies

  • Mirza's government initiated modernization and rural development programs.
  • Karachi airport was completed in 1955, and railway modernization continued.
  • The telephone system expanded, and the government publicized its provision of health and education services.
  • East Pakistan was poorer than West Pakistan, and its people had little involvement in government decision-making.
  • Food shortages and flooding worsened discontent in East Pakistan.
  • Chaudhry Muhammad Ali resigned as Prime Minister in September 1956.
  • Hussein Shaheed Suhrawardy, an East Pakistani politician, replaced him.
  • Suhrawardy held the position for only a year, wanting more authority.
  • He was dismissed in October 1957 after challenging Mirza in a popularity vote.
  • Iskander Mirza appointed Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar as Suhrawardy's replacement.
  • Chundrigar's government was unstable due to disagreements among politicians.
  • Feroze Khan Noon's government was even more divided and had a large cabinet.
  • Mirza's unpopularity increased, and the 1956 constitution's promise of 1957 elections couldn't be kept.

1958 Martial Law

  • On October 7, 1958, Iskander Mirza declared martial law, citing increasing political disagreement.
  • He became President.
  • He sought military help from General Ayub Khan, the Commander-in-Chief.
  • Khan was appointed Prime Minister.
  • Mirza was exiled to London on October 27, 1958.

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