Historical Perspectives on Youth
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Questions and Answers

Which age group cannot be diagnosed with psychopathy?

  • Over 18
  • Under 18 (correct)
  • Over 25
  • Under 12

Psychopaths make up 15-25% of the adult prison population.

True (A)

What behavioral trend is noted in adolescents with psychopathy?

Disregard for the effect of antisocial behavior on victims

The psychopathy checklist for youth is abbreviated as _____

<p>PCL:YV</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following developmental stages with their expressions of impairment in empathy:

<p>Childhood = Difficulty connecting and playing with peers Adolescence = Disregard for the effect of antisocial behavior on victims Adulthood = Inability to understand the emotional needs of a partner</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a conditioned response if the unconditional stimulus is continuously removed?

<p>It disappears. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aversive conditioning involves pairing something enjoyable with a pleasant stimulus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the famous subject in the fear conditioning experiment known as Little Albert?

<p>A baby named Albert.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Moffitt's Dual Taxonomy, ___________ describes an age where individuals typically show little to no antisocial behavior.

<p>Childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theories with their descriptions:

<p>Hirschi's Social Bond Theory = Emphasizes the role of social connections and commitments Akers' Social Learning Theory = Focuses on how behavior is learned through interactions Patterson's Coercion Development Theory = Explains how poor parenting leads to disruption Moffitt's Dual Taxonomy = Classifies offenders into different types based on behavior patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to contemporary psychological theories, what is a key difference between reinforcement and punishment?

<p>Reinforcement increases behavior, while punishment decreases behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The early onset group in Patterson's theory shows better social relationships than the late onset group.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Marshmallow Test is designed to measure ___________ in children.

<p>self-control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model emphasizes the punishment of offenders to control crime?

<p>Crime Control Model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) is designed to prioritize punishment over rehabilitation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key issue that the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA) faced?

<p>Opposition based on its effectiveness in reducing youth crime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Minority youth are more likely to be arrested due to __________ factors affecting police discretion.

<p>extralegal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is indicated to have a higher likelihood of being incarcerated due to policing practices?

<p>Indigenous persons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extrajudicial measures are only considered for those who have committed violent offences.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following police responses with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Issue warning = Response for minor offences Refer to program = Handling serious offences Charge with offence = Arrest protocol for serious offences Take home and talk to parents = Alternative to arrest for minor offences</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome for Black and Indigenous youth in police encounters?

<p>Higher likelihood of being arrested (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of extrajudicial measures?

<p>To divert individuals from the formal court system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Older girls are generally more likely to be charged and go to court than older boys.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indigenous youth are particularly disadvantaged by the lack of _______ available for diversion.

<p>programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do community resources like youth centres have on police discretion?

<p>They provide police with more options for diversion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors to their respective descriptions regarding police discretion:

<p>Seriousness of the offence = Type of crime committed Prior convictions = Criminal history of the offender Prior police contact = Familiarity with law enforcement Rules of the Criminal Code = Legal guidelines governing actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do zero-tolerance policies primarily focus on?

<p>Intolerance of undesirable behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Relational aggression is primarily characterized by physical force.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which counselling method is listed as the most effective?

<p>Individual counselling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are criminogenic needs typically associated with?

<p>Factors correlated with delinquency, including family, school, and peer factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive-behavioural therapy is considered the least effective skill building program.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main aim of the SNAP program?

<p>To control impulsiveness through skills training and cognitive problem solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term ______ refers to the differential exposure of boys and girls to criminogenic conditions.

<p>differentially exposed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following levels of crime prevention with their descriptions:

<p>Primary prevention = Focuses on an entire population Secondary prevention = Targets specific individuals with problems Tertiary prevention = Addresses individuals with serious or chronic problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ___ program trains children on the dangers of gang involvement.

<p>GREAT</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the counselling methods with their effectiveness percentage:

<p>Individual counselling = -5% Mentoring = -21% Family counselling = -13% Group counselling led by a therapist = -22%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these skill-building programs is aimed specifically at vocational training?

<p>Job related interventions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cost-benefit analysis for the SNAP program indicates it saves more than 1 conviction per boy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The SNAP evaluation shows a cost of C$___ per boy on average.

<p>4,641</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences of behavior; either reinforcement or punishment.

Reinforcement vs. Punishment

Reinforcement increases behavior, punishment decreases behavior.

Extinction (Learning)

Disappearance of a learned response when the unconditional stimulus is removed repeatedly.

Aversive Conditioning

Pairing a desired activity with an unpleasant stimulus.

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Social Bond Theory (Hirschi)

Delinquency results from weak social bonds (attachment, commitment, involvement, belief).

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General Theory of Crime (Gottfredson & Hirschi)

Crime results from low self-control, impulsive tendencies.

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Moffitt's Dual Taxonomy

Different types of offenders with different offending patterns and risk factors.

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Coercion Development Theory (Patterson)

Parenting styles contributing to delinquency; early onset associated with more severe problems and less self-control.

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Psychopathy

A personality disorder characterized by a lack of empathy, antisocial behaviors, and a disregard for societal norms. It cannot be diagnosed before age 18.

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PCL:YV

Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version. A tool used to assess psychopathic traits in adolescents.

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Heterotypic continuity

The expression of impairments in empathy changes across developmental stages. For example, childhood difficulties might be peer problems, adolescence might involve disregard for the victim, and adulthood may be about understanding a partner's emotions.

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Psychopathy's link to crime

Psychopathy is associated with a higher risk of criminal offenses, making it important in discussions of treatment, rehabilitation, and societal protection.

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CAPP

Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality. An alternative to the PCL approach to assessing psychopathy that examines various factors.

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Crime Control Model

A model of the criminal justice system that emphasizes the swift and sure punishment of offenders to deter crime and maintain law and order.

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Justice Model

A model of the criminal justice system that emphasizes rehabilitation and the fair treatment of all individuals within the system.

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YCJA

Youth Criminal Justice Act - Canadian legislation governing the justice system's handling of youth crime.

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Police Discretion (Minor Offenses)

Police officers' ability to choose between different responses to minor offenses, like issuing warnings, taking home or contacting parents.

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Extralegal Factors (Discretion)

Factors outside of the law influencing police decisions, like race, gender or socioeconomic status of youth.

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Police Discretion (Serious Offenses)

Police officers' ability to refer youth to programs, arrest and hold them, charge them or release them based on the severity of the offenses

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Initial Contact (Policing)

The initial interaction between a police officer and a youth suspected of committing a crime.

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Police Discretion

The ability of police officers to make decisions regarding the response to youth lawbreakers in conflict with the law.

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Extrajudicial Measures

Alternatives to formal court proceedings for youth in conflict with the law, aiming to divert them from the criminal justice system. These can involve warnings, cautions, or referrals to community agencies.

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Diversion Programs

Programs designed to divert youth from the formal justice system, often using extrajudicial measures, providing alternative paths to address their offenses.

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Inequality of Access to Diversion

Unequal availability of diversion programs for youth based on factors like socioeconomic background and race, creating disadvantages for marginalized groups.

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Charter Rights in Arrest

Specific rights guaranteed by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, particularly Section 7 (life, liberty, security) and Section 8 (unreasonable search and seizure), that are relevant for youth during arrest.

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Problems with Mediation/Reconciliation

Challenges associated with alternative dispute resolution methods like mediation and conferencing, including potential for unfair outcomes, costs, and shaming.

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Youth Crime Politics

The ways society defines and responds to young people's actions as criminal, including the social meanings and imagery attached to these definitions.

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Relational Aggression

A form of aggression that aims to harm relationships or social standing, rather than using physical force.

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Zero Tolerance Policies

Strict school rules that punish any undesirable behavior, often with severe consequences, even for minor offenses.

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Differentially Exposed

The idea that gender differences in crime rates result from varying exposure to risky environments.

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Differentially Affected

The idea that gender differences in crime rates arise from how boys and girls respond to similar risk factors differently.

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SNAP Program

A program targeting boys aged 6-11 referred by police, aiming to reduce impulsivity through skills training, cognitive problem-solving, and anger management.

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SNAP Techniques

SNAP stands for 'Stop Now And Plan': 1) Stop: Calm down, take deep breaths, count to 10. 2) Now and: Use coping statements to remain calm. 3) Plan: Effective solutions to interpersonal problems.

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SNAP's Goal

To teach children to identify triggers of anger or upset and provide tools to manage those emotions.

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Cost-Benefit Analysis

Evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention by comparing its costs against its positive outcomes.

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SNAP's Effectiveness

The SNAP program demonstrates a cost-effective way to reduce future offending, with a cost-benefit ratio ranging from 17 to 32.

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Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT)

A 13-week school program designed to deter gang involvement using cognitive behavioral therapy, social skills training, and conflict resolution.

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Aggression Replacement Training (ART)

A 10-week program focusing on anger control and moral reasoning aimed at addressing aggression and delinquent behaviors.

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Mixed Counselling

Combining different counselling approaches like individual, group, and family therapy, sometimes including referrals to other services.

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Study Notes

Historical Perspectives on Youth

  • Medieval Europe (5th to 14th Century): Children viewed as inherently "evil" due to the concept of "original sin". The Roman Catholic Church dominated. Children seen as miniature adults. Artwork reflected this viewpoint.
  • Reformation (14th - 16th Century): Decline of the Roman Catholic influence. Puritan doctrine: children born evil and requiring strict discipline. Emphasis on religion, morality, and self-reliance. Children often beaten as a form of discipline.
  • Age of Discovery (16th/17th Century): Shift from agrarian feudalism to mercantilism. Poverty and youth delinquency increased. Rise of vagrants and beggars. Thomas Hobbes' belief that children are born evil.
  • Enlightenment (18th Century): New philosophies emphasizing human dignity and reason. Conceptions of childhood became more humane. Increased focus on science over religion. Shift from the perspective of the Roman Catholic Church and notions of "original sin".

Historical Perspectives in a Canadian Context

  • First Western Settlers: Impoverished Europeans seeking opportunities. Increased freedom and independence given to children, leading to less parental/church/state authority. Child labor essential for fur trade success.
  • Agrarian Societies (pre-1867): Rural communities. Education through apprenticeships. Patriarchal structure, family essential social unit.
  • Industrial Societies (1867-1960s): Urbanization, decline of church influence, specialized labor. Children indistinguishable from adults, suffering poor working conditions. Belief that juvenile crime stems from social problems, not moral failing.
  • Early Responses to Youth Crime: Intentional contravention of state-defined laws. Separates accidents from acts of malice. "Mens rea" (guilty mind), and "culpability." In agrarian periods, causes of youth crime were seen as having too much freedom, and poverty played a role in industrial periods.
  • The Industrial Revolution and Youth Crime: Increased youth crime, including minor property offenses and some violent crime. Urban development and poverty contributed to youth crime. The Cabrini-Green housing project in Chicago (as an example of urban development and poverty impacting youth crime).
  • Initial Legislation in Canada: Children under 7 considered incapable of crime ("doli incapax"). Children between 7-13 presumed incapable, but presumption could be challenged. Children 14+ fully responsible for crimes.

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Description

Explore the evolution of views on childhood from Medieval Europe through the Enlightenment. This quiz examines how religion, philosophy, and societal changes shaped perceptions of children throughout history. Test your knowledge on key figures and ideas that influenced these historical perspectives.

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