Historical Impacts and Globalization

Impacts of Historical Globalization

• This unit explores how globalization has affected indigenous and non-indigenous populations

Foundations of Globalization

• Experts agree globalization evolved gradually in three main stages

Ancient Trade Routes

• In the past, oranges were a rare treat in Northern Europe accessible only to the privileged

• Because transportation was slow, it could take months to move an orange from southern to northern Europe

• The desire for new items spurred international trade, with the interchange of raw materials and manufactured goods between distant groups

• Extensive trade routes developed over land and sea over time, connecting people worldwide

• Goods, food, and ideas like numerical systems were exchanged along these routes

• The Silk Road, linking Asia and Europe, stands as the most famous trade route, serving as an ancient communication highway

• Contacts formed amongst diverse cultures as goods moved, leading to the sharing of knowledge, inventions, religious beliefs, artistic styles, languages, and social customs

Historical Globalization

• This phase followed ancient trade routes and started when Christopher Columbus voyaged to the Caribbean in 1442
• Europeans developed technologies for sailing farther than ever before
• The growth of globalization relates to European imperialism, which defines one country dominating another's economic, political, and cultural institutions

Communication Age

• This era began after World War II, marking rapid growth in world markets and near-instant communication
• It is defined by the rapid rise of China and India as economic powers

Rise of the Middle Class

• After the fall of Rome in 476 CE, European society was in constant war, with people living in isolated communities
• Social status was determined by birth and land ownership; social mobility was rare
• Towns and cities grew, attracting traders, craftspeople, bankers, entrepreneurs, artists, and scholars
• These people gained wealth through knowledge and trade, forming the first middle class

New Ideas, Technology, and Historical Globalization

• Middle Eastern civilizations from the 9th to 13th centuries were hubs of innovation and learning

• Europeans developed technologies with the help of these innovations, especially in astronomy, facilitating travel, trade, exploration, and conquest

• Large square sails and the lateen sail enabled the construction of larger and faster ships that were more maneuverable

• Navigational tools like the magnetic compass, mariner’s astrolabe, sextant, and maps allowed sailors to navigate farther from land

• Gunpowder, invented in China, was first used in European warfare in 1324, marking a significant change in how wars were fought, with muskets and cannons becoming widely used

Inventions and Globalization

Competition for Trade

• After Columbus’s first expedition, many European countries competed to establish colonial empires in the Americas and other continents
• This practice, called imperialism, was motivated by trade
• European monarchs believed colonies would boost trade by providing cheap raw materials and markets for goods
• Trade led to economic prosperity and power

Mercantilism

• European governments strictly controlled trade from the 16th to 18th centuries, under a policy called mercantilism
• They believed prosperity required exports to exceed imports, benefiting the home country
• Colonies were viewed as sources of cheap raw materials

Capitalism

• Dissatisfaction with mercantilism grew in the 18th century, coinciding with the American Revolution in 1776
• Scottish economist Adam Smith published "The Wealth of Nations", challenging government control, advocated for free trade, competition, and choice for economic prosperity
• Smith's work established the basis for capitalism

Industrialization

• Europeans exploited raw materials from North and South America, Africa, and Asia to expand domestic manufacturing

• This pushed industrialization where production shifted from homes and workshops to large factories

• European countries shifted to industrial production in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, a period known as the Industrial Revolution

• Colonists rebelled against Britain in Britain's American possessions in 1776

• This resulted in an independence war and is known as the American Revolution in the US, and the American War of Independence in Britain

Contact and Indigenous Peoples

• Indigenous populations worldwide faced difficult choices with European colonization, leading to catastrophic outcomes

• Hernan Cortes defeated the Aztec empire by 1521 in Mexico. After this, the Spanish imported plants and animals, established gold and silver mines, and enslaved Indigenous people for labor

• Historians believe imported diseases had the greatest impact on Indigenous people

• Roughly 75 to 90 percent (8–10 million) of Indigenous people in America died as a result of contact.

• Some Europeans, like Bartolome de Las Casas, were disturbed by the destruction of Indigenous cultures

• As a Spanish priest, he advocated for Indigenous justice and pushed Spanish authorities to change policies

• He tried to create communities for Indigenous people and Spaniards to work together and create a new civilization, but his ideas were rejected

Slavery

• Slavery existed in many civilizations, including the ancient Middle East and Africa, as an alternative to prison for criminals and a way to pay debts

• War captives were sometimes enslaved

• Growing demand for labor on colonial plantations changed slavery and introduced chattel slavery

• Ensured slaves and their descendants were considered the private property of their owners

• Indigenous peoples and captured Africans were enslaved because of their race

The Grand Exchange

• When Columbus returned from the Americas in 1493, his voyage began a trading process called the grand exchange and changed the world
• His ships carried seeds, fruit trees, and livestock, starting a revolution that would change the world's diet

Legacies of Historical Globalization

• A legacy includes political structures, monuments, oral histories, and stories passed down from the past

• Part B discusses aspects, values, and beliefs passed down from the time of historical globalization

• Legacies are assessed differently depending on one's perspective, most of which was recorded through ethnocentric and/or Eurocentric lens

• Ethnocentrism is a way of thinking where one focuses on their own race and culture, believing their worldview is the only valid one

• Ethnocentric people judge others based on their own customs, traditions, and beliefs

• Eurocentrism uses European ethnic, national, religious, and linguistic criteria to judge other cultures

The Scramble for Africa

• By the late 19th century, much of Africa was independent of European rule

• In 1884 representatives met in Berlin to partition the continent, avoiding conflicts between imperial powers, protect trade routes, and control diamonds and rubber

• Traders and settlers followed after European political and military power was established

• The Indigenous populations were not consulted when Europe's imperial powers took over lands and resources

• King Leopold II sparked the scramble for Africa in the early 1880s by claiming the Congo River basin as his personal property

• The area is now the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo

• Indigenous people in the Congo region were forced to give up land to harvest natural rubber by 1885

• Those who resisted were brutally punished, beaten, mutilated, or killed, and many starved or died from diseases

• Nearly 10 million people, equivalent to the population of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia, died during and after Leopold's rule

Cultural Contact

• Imperial powers altered the culture of conquered peoples in their colonies over time

• Historical globalization changed many aspects of life across the world:

• Language: French is still spoken in North Africa, which was once a French colony

• Migration: Millions migrated during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in search of better life and fleeing famine or conflict from the home country of a European empire

• Displacement occurred when Europeans moved to the colonies with no regard for Indigenous people

• Colonizers forced Indigenous people off their lands to build houses, railways, mines, and plantations

• The effects of displacement were devastating, families and communities were shattered

• People were forced into slavery and child slavery and many died of famine and disease

• Other effects include changed religious beliefs, art, architecture, abandonment of traditional life, and changes to family, tribes and communities

Case Study – India

• In 1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted the British East India Company a trading monopoly with India and Asia

• From India, the company imported cotton cloth, tea, and spices

• Indians were facilitators of this trade

• Company officials allied with local Indian rulers to ensure their subjects cooperated and trade flowed smoothly

• The company formed its own army of British officers and Indian soldiers called “sepoys”

• The army supported its Indian allies and kept out rival trading companies like the Dutch East India Company

• Some historians call the East India Company the world's first transnational corporation due to its vast trading network and military might

Deindustrialization

• British manufacturers needed raw materials and markets for surplus goods during the Industrial Revolution

• They sold manufactured goods in British colonies which became sources of raw materials and markets for British-made goods

• Technological advancements in Britain allowed manufacturing to produce vast amounts of cotton cloth that became a major export

• Indian cotton competed with the British-made fabric

• The British government banned the import of dyed and printed cloth from India in 1700 to support British weavers

• More laws restricting cotton trade came into being that affected other textile producing nations like India and the United States

• British actions crushed the Indian cotton industry, ending growing, harvesting, spinning, and weaving for its people

• The British legislation led to deindustrialization and the loss of industry in India

Mohandas Gandhi

• Mohandas Gandhi, known as Mahatma or Great Soul, led India to independence in 1947 using peaceful non-cooperation rooted on the principle of "swadeshi" or self-sufficiency
• He believed cotton symbolized British oppression and Indians’ desire for self-sufficiency
• The way for people to become self-sufficient was to hand-spin cotton so Indians could free themselves of depending on buying British-made cloth, and to help solve India's unemployment
• Gandhi was the pioneer of satyagraha (non-violent resistance)

Legacies of Imperialism in India

• The British left lasting effects on India’s economic, political, and social structures

• British rule unified local areas under a single political and economic system, converting much land into tea plantations

• India became a federal republic with 22 states after gaining independence in 1947

• India’s 1950 constitution established a parliamentary democracy based on the British model

• The Indian National Congress wanted a central Indian government while the Muslim League wanted the nation split into two for Hindus and Muslims

• At independence, India and Pakistan were created so millions of Hindus and Muslims ended up living on the wrong side of the border which led to riots and killings

• Gandhi was killed because he was seen as trying to weak India

• The area of Kashmir, by the borders of India, Pakistan, and China, was decided to be part of India, but Pakistan leaders feel it should be Pakistan

• The two countries went to war between 1947-1949 and again in 1965 with Kashmir as a disputed territory

• Since 1965, nuclear weapons have developed in both India and Pakistan that has some fearing another war over Kashmir could trigger nuclear conflict

Legacies of Historical Globalization In Canada

• John Cabot claimed Newfoundland for Britain in 1497, and Jacques Cartier claimed the St. Lawrence River territory for France in 1535

• At the time, imperial competition focused on thriving colonies in the Caribbean, Central, and South America

• Canada was considered a remote northern outpost, with little interest in permanent settlements

• Europeans were more interested in Atlantic fishing grounds and finding a route to Asia

• Historical globalization's effects were felt later in Canada than in more southern colonies

Early Contact

• European fishers landed in Newfoundland and other Atlantic provinces to replenish food and water for longer trips
• These early contacts were usually friendly and mutually beneficial
• First Nations wanted metal items and traded food and animal pelts

Colonization in Canada

• 5 things that led to colonization in Canada:
• Imperialistic ambition
• Eurocentrism and ethnocentrism
• Technological development
• Growing consumer desire for goods
• Sure access to resources

First People and the Early Fur Trade

• Fashionable European men started wearing felt hats in the 1500s that were made from Beaver fur

• By the early 1600s, European beavers were nearly extinct because there was such a great demand for the hats

• European hatters then turned to North America to find more beaver fur which begun the period of historical globalization in Canada

• This project focuses on the fur trade and it's affect on Aboriginal peoples.

First Peoples and Early Settlers

• Settlers found the environment in New France harsh with long, cold winters and scarce resources, and the First People helped them

• First Nations taught the colonists how to avoid scurvy and how to hunt and travel using canoes, snowshoes, and toboggans

• First People and the settlers had differing social values.

• Europeans were based on land and wealth. First Nations recognized few social or class distinctions Europeans owned land and First Nations considered themselves guardians

• Europeans signed written treaties, and First Nations signed oral treatises

Destruction of the Beothuk

• Relationships between Europeans and Native people grew hostile on Newfoundland, when European fishers set up racks on the fishing sites

• The Beothuk tried to drive them away. Europeans hunted and killed them, and with no access to food, they became undernourished and fell ill

• In 1829, Shawnadithit, the only known Beothuk was one who died from tuberculosis, and her death marked the complete destruction of Beothuk culture

The Beothuks

• The Beothuks couldn't drive the island because:
• The newcomers built fortified villages
• European muslims were better that the native People's weapon
• The Native People were not united
• European spread diseases spread among the First Nations

Seven Years War

• The 1756-1763 Seven Years' War between France and Britain for Canada's resources drew in other European powers around the world and some say it was the first truly global war
• The legacies of this war are:
• The British took over New France, Cape Breton Island, and Florida making them dominant
• The British also declared that settlers could not settle a large section of North America, which would be preserved for the First Nations.

French Rule

• France and Britain left legacies beyond the fur trade.
• To strengthen control of New France, the government wanted to attract settlers, and divided the land in seignuries to people of noble brith
• The seigneurs recrtuited settlers who would clear said land and split it into long lots

British Rule

• First, the Hudson's Bay Company limited trade activities to coasts and relied on the Cree to carry the fish

• After competition from the North West Company, tactics were shifted and trading posts and canoe routes went inland

• The British traded sea otter, marten, fox, and bear that was made for markets in China

• When HBC and NWC margined in 1821, agents traveled and mapped West Canada to created a settlement by the Red River Colony

• Farmers were part of the Thomas Douglas plan and were not of the Métis, whom already lived there

European Immigrantion

• Once the British took over, Canada became sought out for many European immigrants, whom were fleeing unemployment, and Scotland farmers who were forced off their lands
• Over 750,000 immigrants arrived in Canada

Legacy of Mercantilism

• Canada was following the mercantilist policies of France and Britain
• It was made to ship resources home while the resources were used to produce goods
• Although it gave the colony to be used for trade, it ensured that resources were only raw

Depopulation of First Peoples

• The best land was taken for themselves by the Europeans and put First Nations into bad spaces
• The resources were destroyed due to territories that hampered traditional land
• First Nations were devastated by disease such as a smallpox which hurt thousands

Assimilation

• In 1867, control of Ruperts Land passed between Hudson's Bay group with the Canadian government to attract European settlers
• This mean that the First Nations would need to give the settlers territory leading government to officials coming up with policies so that the First Nations are assimilated into Canadian society

The Numbered Treaties

• Treaties were made between 1871 and 1877 and 1899 and 1921 which marked "cash for land approach" .

• The First Nations were given annual tools, payments, farm animals in exchange for living on reserves and giving territory

• These trades ended being orally giving and then writen where First Nations people would view money as give for giving territory

The Indian Act

• An act to give government to encourage assimilation controlled First Nations People over status in 1976
• They were made to provide specifications in order to be eligible for certain benefits

Residential Schools

• Designed for First Nations children to live, work, and study to helped them grow and assimilate, the Indian Act set this up from government officials
• The federal government was responsible for the education leading up for children being took and put into these schools with government and Christian churches sharing the school responsibility
• There were no options, voices or words from First Nation People as children were often far from home with teachers who were not kind
• Strict disciplinary actions made children punishment for going traditional ways and they were not allowed to speak.

Residential Schools

• The peak of the residential school system was in the 1920's and 1930's
• Pressure led to these schools to close in the 1960's

Reconciliation and Apology

• In 2008, the Canada government apologized for how they treated First Nations people in resident schools
• The government set up a way for formal apology and they were to read out by Prime Minister Stephen Harper

Land Claims

• Although it involved in the treaties between First Nations, but it was never one for ones in British Columbia
• Although many Nation settled for it, by Second half of the 20th century many Nations pressed the government for settlement. by 2007 out of ten comprehensive claims many claims settled.

Oka Crisis

• In Oka, Quebec during March of 1990, armed members of the Mohawk First Nation made a barricade from an area near the town. claiming its from land being used to build a golf course
• By July 11, the police team broke out for the barricades, as an officer was shot and killed
• For a few weeks the Aboriginal got supported as Military was used to maintain the National Defence Act, as an agreement was made

The Quiet Revolution

• The high levels of British immigration in caused Quebecois to be worried about the assimilation
• In 1960 there thinking and equality changed, it would called the Quiet Revolution
• Traditional, and conservative values rejected in the queit, as the changed in education

The inernment of German and Ukrainian Canadians

• In 1934, WWII had more people immigrate from the European side, there was great worry as people were labeled as "enemy aliens"
• In the labor fields and mines, the Ukrainian Canadians worked

The inernment of Japanese Canadians

• When Japan and Canada where at war with Germany this led for many people to immigrate to Canada in hopes for better place
• But as a result after the attack a removal started where the pacific coast was removed into interior camps
• Government provided with a few dollars back for everyone.

Legacy of Historical Globalization

• Worldwide there were countries who responded to legacy being impacted for the legacy in history such countries are the legacy of historical globalization such as Rwanda or South Africa

Rwanda

• Before scrambling for Africa the now named Rwanda was claimed because the two Indigenous tribes

• The Hutus had many labors, with less than Tutsis at a 15% were said to be both social and class that peacefully lived among one another

• The territory was also once owned by Germany

• Because of WWI. there were many conflicts and when the Belgians left it lead civil which caused the government with many of the people killed

• There were uncounted effects with the Rwanda government

• After plane was carrying the Rwanda's president there was an shoot that killed a plane

• There killed people as the massacre began to killed human beings

Rebuilding Rwanda

• Despite all these event Justice, Farming, and International support all contribute to help

The United Nations

• International group where goals were for refugee and peace

South AFrica - Redressing inequalities

• In 1926, there was a separation for the dominon for Africa based on a 10 to one black and white in which laws passed for the segregation
• Once after WWII there laws and strictly separated black and white and people divided into a separate people groups working different jobs

Student protest in Soweto

• In 1976, 15000 to 20000 the town ship students from Africa wanted a good education. and asked that the government spending a high amount of dollars.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission

• The South African Government started to introduce a fair policy and equality by 1986
• By 1994, the first elections were taken to president.

Biography - Nelson Mandela

• Nelson born in South Africa in 1918, and 1944 Congress in Africa took a resistence to the racial laws after 1948
• Also an ANC leader and activist as 1961 led an underground Umkhonto organization with violence
• Mandela with many others was caught and imprisoned as he made an incredible amount of publicity
• Even thou with many trials to work , and still known as black African leader with strength . that was freed as people took interest
• Mandela released where his work got out even thou was imprisoned with help, the goals he sat as people began for it, and in the early 1990, at the first ANC conference mandela was reelected

Non-Governmental Organizations NGO-

• There goal were that support from international organization helped to create for societies that support from historical globalization
• Thousands are a world, to get goal, some which are influence people to look government aspects Foreign aid and money