Historical Evolution of Epidemiology: Hippocrates to John Graunt
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Questions and Answers

What is the goal of 'Shoe leather epidemiology'?

  • To conduct comparative tables and statistical analysis
  • To evaluate the outcomes of an outbreak
  • To identify the extent of an outbreak and its cause (correct)
  • To develop health care policy

What is the function of 'Analytic Studies' in epidemiology?

  • To count cases and describe them by time, place, and person
  • To understand the extent of an outbreak
  • To evaluate the relevance of a hypothesis (correct)
  • To identify the cause of an outbreak

What are the components of a case definition?

  • Vaccination history, family size, travel habits
  • Laboratory tests, social status, travel history
  • Signs, symptoms, laboratory results (correct)
  • Gender, occupation, age

What is the advantage of a 'Sensitive Case Definition'?

<p>Ensures only true cases are captured (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a 'Confirmed Case' defined in epidemiology?

<p>Being laboratory-confirmed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that determines a host's susceptibility to a disease?

<p>The host's age, behavior, genetic composition, and immunologic status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical portal of entry for a pathogen to infect a host?

<p>Digestive system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of epidemiological interventions according to the text?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the sudden increase in disease cases in a limited geographic location?

<p>Epidemic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mode of disease transmission described in the text?

<p>Waterborne (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct statement about the median?

<p>It is a good measure for skewed data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the mode affected by outliers in a dataset?

<p>Outliers have no effect on the mode. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the median and the arithmetic mean?

<p>The median is resistant to outliers, while the mean can be influenced by them. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about calculating the midpoint?

<p>The midpoint is an intermediate step in other calculations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is control and prevention considered the most important reason for investigating an outbreak?

<p>To implement effective control measures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature that distinguishes analytic epidemiology from other forms of epidemiology?

<p>It compares the rate of disease in exposed and comparison groups to draw conclusions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Rothman's Pie model of disease causation, what is the term used to describe the individual factors that contribute to a disease?

<p>Component causes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a type of reservoir for an infectious agent in the chain of infection?

<p>Experimental reservoir (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a case-control study, what is the purpose of the control group?

<p>To provide an estimate of the baseline or expected amount of exposure in the population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of evaluating the hypothesis in epidemiological studies?

<p>To determine if the hypothesis is supported by established facts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of calculating the attack rate in a retrospective cohort study?

<p>To compare the attack rate between those exposed and those not exposed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of calculating the risk ratio or odds ratio in an analytical epidemiological study?

<p>To quantify the relationship between exposure and disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the chi-squared test in epidemiological studies?

<p>To determine the statistical significance of the findings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the confidence interval in epidemiological studies?

<p>To indicate the range of values within which the true effect size is likely to fall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of common source outbreak?

<p>Propagated outbreak (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a frequency distribution, what does a negative skew indicate?

<p>The central location is to the right of the tail (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a ratio variable?

<p>Number of children in a family (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a case-control study, which group is identified first?

<p>The cases (individuals with the disease) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a cohort study and a cross-sectional study?

<p>A cohort study follows individuals over time, while a cross-sectional study is a snapshot in time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the core epidemiologic functions?

<p>Clinical diagnosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary contribution of John Graunt's work in the 17th century?

<p>Quantifying patterns of birth, death, and disease using mortality data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about epidemiology in the 19th and 20th centuries is NOT true?

<p>The spread of infectious diseases through bioterrorism was a major focus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary contribution of John Snow's work in 1854?

<p>Establishing the link between cholera and contaminated water sources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of public health surveillance?

<p>To portray patterns of disease to control spread and implement prevention measures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the control measures implemented in the E. coli outbreak at the county fair?

<p>To control the outbreak and prevent additional cases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of surveillance after the control and prevention measures were implemented in the E. coli outbreak?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a written report after an epidemiological investigation?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a ratio and a proportion in epidemiology?

<p>Both a and c (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a measure of the severity of an illness?

<p>Death to case ratio (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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