39 Questions
What is the goal of 'Shoe leather epidemiology'?
To identify the extent of an outbreak and its cause
What is the function of 'Analytic Studies' in epidemiology?
To evaluate the relevance of a hypothesis
What are the components of a case definition?
Signs, symptoms, laboratory results
What is the advantage of a 'Sensitive Case Definition'?
Ensures only true cases are captured
How is a 'Confirmed Case' defined in epidemiology?
Being laboratory-confirmed
What is the main factor that determines a host's susceptibility to a disease?
The host's age, behavior, genetic composition, and immunologic status
Which of the following is NOT a typical portal of entry for a pathogen to infect a host?
Digestive system
What is the main purpose of epidemiological interventions according to the text?
All of the above
What is the term used to describe the sudden increase in disease cases in a limited geographic location?
Epidemic
Which of the following is NOT a mode of disease transmission described in the text?
Waterborne
What is the correct statement about the median?
It is a good measure for skewed data.
How is the mode affected by outliers in a dataset?
Outliers have no effect on the mode.
What is the primary difference between the median and the arithmetic mean?
The median is resistant to outliers, while the mean can be influenced by them.
What is true about calculating the midpoint?
The midpoint is an intermediate step in other calculations.
Why is control and prevention considered the most important reason for investigating an outbreak?
To implement effective control measures.
What is the key feature that distinguishes analytic epidemiology from other forms of epidemiology?
It compares the rate of disease in exposed and comparison groups to draw conclusions.
In Rothman's Pie model of disease causation, what is the term used to describe the individual factors that contribute to a disease?
Component causes
Which of the following is not a type of reservoir for an infectious agent in the chain of infection?
Experimental reservoir
In a case-control study, what is the purpose of the control group?
To provide an estimate of the baseline or expected amount of exposure in the population.
What is the purpose of evaluating the hypothesis in epidemiological studies?
To determine if the hypothesis is supported by established facts
What is the purpose of calculating the attack rate in a retrospective cohort study?
To compare the attack rate between those exposed and those not exposed
What is the purpose of calculating the risk ratio or odds ratio in an analytical epidemiological study?
To quantify the relationship between exposure and disease
What is the purpose of the chi-squared test in epidemiological studies?
To determine the statistical significance of the findings
What is the purpose of the confidence interval in epidemiological studies?
To indicate the range of values within which the true effect size is likely to fall
Which of the following is NOT a type of common source outbreak?
Propagated outbreak
In a frequency distribution, what does a negative skew indicate?
The central location is to the right of the tail
Which of the following is an example of a ratio variable?
Number of children in a family
In a case-control study, which group is identified first?
The cases (individuals with the disease)
What is the primary difference between a cohort study and a cross-sectional study?
A cohort study follows individuals over time, while a cross-sectional study is a snapshot in time
Which of the following is NOT one of the core epidemiologic functions?
Clinical diagnosis
What was the primary contribution of John Graunt's work in the 17th century?
Quantifying patterns of birth, death, and disease using mortality data
Which of the following statements about epidemiology in the 19th and 20th centuries is NOT true?
The spread of infectious diseases through bioterrorism was a major focus
What was the primary contribution of John Snow's work in 1854?
Establishing the link between cholera and contaminated water sources
What is the goal of public health surveillance?
To portray patterns of disease to control spread and implement prevention measures
What was the primary goal of the control measures implemented in the E. coli outbreak at the county fair?
To control the outbreak and prevent additional cases
Which of the following best describes the role of surveillance after the control and prevention measures were implemented in the E. coli outbreak?
All of the above
What is the purpose of a written report after an epidemiological investigation?
All of the above
What is the difference between a ratio and a proportion in epidemiology?
Both a and c
Which of the following is a measure of the severity of an illness?
Death to case ratio
Test your knowledge on the historical evolution of epidemiology from Hippocrates to John Graunt. Questions cover key milestones such as Hippocrates' essay 'On Airs, Waters, and Places' and John Graunt's analysis of mortality data.
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