Historical Eras and Professional Status of Nursing

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of maintaining personal health according to the provided information?

Avoiding communication with others (correct)

Maintaining body temperature within normal range

Eliminating body wastes

Sleep and rest

Sleep and rest are considered important components of health maintenance.

True

Name one way individuals can maintain their body temperature.

By adjusting clothing or modifying the environment.

Nola J. Pender's Health Promotion Model focuses on three areas: individual characteristics, behavior-specific cognitions, and ________.

behavioral outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of the nurse-patient relationship with their descriptions:

Substitutive = Substitutes actions for the patient Supplementary = Helps assist the patient Complementary = Partners working with the patient Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Levine's Conservation Model?

Maintaining the wholeness of individuals Signup and view all the answers

The Conservation of Energy principle refers to how a person's body energy balance is maintained.

True Signup and view all the answers

List the four principles of Levine's Conservation Model.

Conservation of Energy, Conservation of Structural Integrity, Conservation of Personal Integrity, Conservation of Social Integrity Signup and view all the answers

Levine's model places importance on the concept of __________ in which an individual adapts to environmental challenges.

adaptation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

Conservation of Personal Integrity = Recognition of a person's holiness and sense of self Conservation of Structural Integrity = Preservation of body systems and their functions Conservation of Social Integrity = Understanding life's meaning within the social context Conservation of Energy = Balance of the body’s energy levels Signup and view all the answers

Which response is NOT considered an organismic response according to Levine?

Adaptive response through social interaction Signup and view all the answers

Therapeutic nursing interventions solely aim at enhancing adaptation to the environment.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the term 'trophicognosis' in nursing care?

It refers to the scientific method of reaching nursing care judgment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a novice nurse?

Lacks background experience Signup and view all the answers

An expert nurse relies heavily on analytical principles to make clinical decisions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What concept refers to the synthesis and interrelationships of different factors in nursing practices as proposed by Hegel?

Thesis, antithesis, and synthesis Signup and view all the answers

The __________ theory describes the balance of order and disorder within human activities and interactions in the healthcare field.

Chaos Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Maxim = Mysterious description of skilled performance Paradigm case = Clinical experience that stands out Holography = Everything is a whole; a part in another Transcultural nursing = Understanding diverse cultural practices in nursing Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT part of the bureaucratic caring model?

Biophysical Signup and view all the answers

According to the Dreyfus model, the proficient stage involves an intuitive grasp of situations.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Conservation Model in nursing?

Maintaining and conserving the patient's energy and integrity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Historical Eras of Nursing

Curriculum Era (1900-1940s): Curriculum content for nursing programs
Research Era (1950-1970s): Focus for nursing research
Graduate Education Era (1950-1970s): Knowledge needed to practice nursing; essential role in healthcare
Theory Era (1980-1990s): New theories to produce evidence on quality care; use of middle-range theory (quantitative/qualitative)
Theory Utilization Era (21st Century): Focus on applying new theories in practice.

Discipline and Profession

Discipline: Specific area of education; knowledge focus
Profession: Specialized field of practice; knowledge and practice

Criteria for Professional Status of Nursing

Well-Defined Knowledge: Utilizes a well-defined body of specialized knowledge.
Knowledge Advancement: Constantly expands and improves knowledge and techniques of education and service through the scientific method.
Education: Entrusts the education of its practitioners to universities/colleges.
Community Welfare: Applies knowledge in practical services important to community welfare.

Epistemology

Epistemology: "Episteme" (knowledge); “logos” (study of); the study of knowledge
Rationalism: Philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge (theory-then-research)
Empiricism: Knowledge comes from sensory experiences (research-then-theory)

Theory & Concepts

Theory: "Theoria" (Greek word); mere guess; generally accepted as true; explains facts; potential truth
Concepts: Building blocks of theory; words or phrases representing phenomena
Abstract Concepts: Certain time and place
Concrete Concepts: Specific time and place
Discrete: Particular categories or classes of phenomena
Continuous: Classifications of dimensions of phenomena

Relational, Theoretical & Operational Statements

Relational Statements: Statements of facts; simple, true, universal, and absolute; based on repeated experimental observations; causal relationship involving elements
Theoretical Statements: Relate concepts to each other; permit analysis
Operational Statements: Relate concepts to measurements

Nursing Philosophies & Theories

Nursing philosophies: Sets the meaning of nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning and logical argument; advances disciplines
Florence Nightingale: Focused on environmental manipulation for patient recovery
- Environment: External conditions affecting life; Proper ventilation, adequate light, cleanliness, warmth, quiet, diet assessment, and management
Jean Watson: Emphasizes "caritas" (connection between caring and love), special kind of human care relationship, and caring consciousness
Martha Roger: Emphasizes the interaction between the individual and environment as a wholeness; energy fields;
Dorothea Orem: Focuses on self-care; helps patients overcome limitations; types of systems to meet patient needs
Imogene King: Emphasizes the interaction between nurse and patient using 3 interconnected systems (personal, interpersonal, and social); mutual goal-setting
Betty Neuman: Focuses on a person's response to stress
Sister Callista Roy: Focuses on the human adaptive system; selecting and implementing care-approaches; evaluating
Lydia Hall: Sole function is to aid patients and their families, providing comfort and support
Virginia Henderson: Identifies 14 basic needs to be met by nurses
Nola Pender: Health promotion model focusing on individual characteristics and experiences, and behavioral outcomes
Madeleine Leininger: Culture care theory, comparative study of cultures to understand both similarities and differences.
Margaret Newman: Health as an expanding consciousness; the pattern of the individual; removing sickness doesn't alter the pattern
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse: Human becoming theory focusing on rhythmic patterns and mutual processes
Rozzano Locsin: technological competency as caring and practice of knowing persons in nursing; knowing persons as a whole
Sister Carolina S. Agravante: Casagra transformative leadership model; Focus on the type of leadership needed to challenge the values of the world; servant leader, self-mastery, and expertise
Carmelita Divinagracia: Composure model; state of well-being; competence, presence, prayer, open-mindedness, and stimulation; focus on coordination, communication, and interpersonal relations
Sister Letty Kuan: Retirement and role discontinuities, important to live meaningfully during retirement; coping mechanisms, and factors determining positive perceptions
Carmencita Abaquin: Prepare-Me Holistic interventions; presence, reminiscence, prayer, relaxation, meditation, and values clarity
Cecilia Laurente: Focuses on how anxiety and care-giving behavior affect the patient; presence, concern, and stimulation as predisposing factors for a good outcome

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Description

Explore the significant historical eras of nursing, including curriculum, research, graduate education, theory, and application in practice. Understand the distinctions between discipline and profession, as well as the criteria for professional status within nursing.