Historical Eras and Professional Status of Nursing

Historical Eras of Nursing

• Curriculum Era (1900-1940s): Curriculum content for nursing programs
• Research Era (1950-1970s): Focus for nursing research
• Graduate Education Era (1950-1970s): Knowledge needed to practice nursing; essential role in healthcare
• Theory Era (1980-1990s): New theories to produce evidence on quality care; use of middle-range theory (quantitative/qualitative)
• Theory Utilization Era (21st Century): Focus on applying new theories in practice.

Discipline and Profession

• Discipline: Specific area of education; knowledge focus
• Profession: Specialized field of practice; knowledge and practice

Criteria for Professional Status of Nursing

• Well-Defined Knowledge: Utilizes a well-defined body of specialized knowledge.
• Knowledge Advancement: Constantly expands and improves knowledge and techniques of education and service through the scientific method.
• Education: Entrusts the education of its practitioners to universities/colleges.
• Community Welfare: Applies knowledge in practical services important to community welfare.

Epistemology

• Epistemology: "Episteme" (knowledge); “logos” (study of); the study of knowledge
• Rationalism: Philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge (theory-then-research)
• Empiricism: Knowledge comes from sensory experiences (research-then-theory)

Theory & Concepts

• Theory: "Theoria" (Greek word); mere guess; generally accepted as true; explains facts; potential truth
• Concepts: Building blocks of theory; words or phrases representing phenomena
• Abstract Concepts: Certain time and place
• Concrete Concepts: Specific time and place
• Discrete: Particular categories or classes of phenomena
• Continuous: Classifications of dimensions of phenomena

Relational, Theoretical & Operational Statements

• Relational Statements: Statements of facts; simple, true, universal, and absolute; based on repeated experimental observations; causal relationship involving elements
• Theoretical Statements: Relate concepts to each other; permit analysis
• Operational Statements: Relate concepts to measurements

Nursing Philosophies & Theories

• Nursing philosophies: Sets the meaning of nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning and logical argument; advances disciplines
• Florence Nightingale: Focused on environmental manipulation for patient recovery
  • Environment: External conditions affecting life; Proper ventilation, adequate light, cleanliness, warmth, quiet, diet assessment, and management
• Jean Watson: Emphasizes "caritas" (connection between caring and love), special kind of human care relationship, and caring consciousness
• Martha Roger: Emphasizes the interaction between the individual and environment as a wholeness; energy fields;
• Dorothea Orem: Focuses on self-care; helps patients overcome limitations; types of systems to meet patient needs
• Imogene King: Emphasizes the interaction between nurse and patient using 3 interconnected systems (personal, interpersonal, and social); mutual goal-setting
• Betty Neuman: Focuses on a person's response to stress
• Sister Callista Roy: Focuses on the human adaptive system; selecting and implementing care-approaches; evaluating
• Lydia Hall: Sole function is to aid patients and their families, providing comfort and support
• Virginia Henderson: Identifies 14 basic needs to be met by nurses
• Nola Pender: Health promotion model focusing on individual characteristics and experiences, and behavioral outcomes
• Madeleine Leininger: Culture care theory, comparative study of cultures to understand both similarities and differences.
• Margaret Newman: Health as an expanding consciousness; the pattern of the individual; removing sickness doesn't alter the pattern
• Rosemarie Rizzo Parse: Human becoming theory focusing on rhythmic patterns and mutual processes
• Rozzano Locsin: technological competency as caring and practice of knowing persons in nursing; knowing persons as a whole
• Sister Carolina S. Agravante: Casagra transformative leadership model; Focus on the type of leadership needed to challenge the values of the world; servant leader, self-mastery, and expertise
• Carmelita Divinagracia: Composure model; state of well-being; competence, presence, prayer, open-mindedness, and stimulation; focus on coordination, communication, and interpersonal relations
• Sister Letty Kuan: Retirement and role discontinuities, important to live meaningfully during retirement; coping mechanisms, and factors determining positive perceptions
• Carmencita Abaquin: Prepare-Me Holistic interventions; presence, reminiscence, prayer, relaxation, meditation, and values clarity
• Cecilia Laurente: Focuses on how anxiety and care-giving behavior affect the patient; presence, concern, and stimulation as predisposing factors for a good outcome

Explore the significant historical eras of nursing, including curriculum, research, graduate education, theory, and application in practice. Understand the distinctions between discipline and profession, as well as the criteria for professional status within nursing.