Historical Background of Evolutionary Biology

<p>A hierarchy depicting the perfection of living beings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lucretius (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To discover order in the diversity of life for the greater glory of God (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Species can transform spontaneously as needed for survival (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Earth is older than previously believed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nervous fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lack of evidence for inheritance of acquired traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is no scientific support for such a phenomenon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was misapplied to interpret evolutionary lineages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was seen as challenging the theological order of society (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were created instantaneously by the Trinity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uniformitarianism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He created a geological map distinguishing rock layers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many more organisms are born than can survive. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many extinct species are similar yet distinct from modern species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stratigraphy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He studied to be a physician and a clergyman. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The uniformitarian principle suggesting Earth's processes are ongoing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isolated populations often show differences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Certain traits in a breed can be rapidly altered. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They tend to be preserved by natural selection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Species can evolve from fundamentally different ancestors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To favor the survival of individuals with advantageous traits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variants in traits are passed to offspring and can be selected. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He independently reached similar conclusions about survival of the fittest. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Species derive from ancestral forms that are different. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All species share common ancestors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gradual transformation of populations over long periods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descent with modification. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It combines Mendelian genetics with Darwinian evolution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The characteristics must be heritable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a mechanical explanation of evolutionary processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The selective process occurs repeatedly over generations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is backward-looking and opportunistic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anaximander believed that evolution affected all living things, including humans.

Plato believed that nature is composed of unchanging, perfect types, and variations were imperfections.

Aristotle believed life forms arranged in a hierarchy from inanimate matter to spiritual beings, with humans at the top.

A hierarchical arrangement of life from inanimate matter to humans, where each level is considered less perfect than the next.

Lucretius proposed that all living creatures were related and changed over time.

A hierarchical arrangement of organisms, often seen as a ladder of increasing complexity, used in natural theology to interpret the evolution of vertebrates. It is now considered inaccurate.

A 18th-century scientist who developed the modern system of classifying organisms (taxonomy).

The concept that the Earth is older than previously thought and that life emerged from distinct types that could change in response to their environment.

A scientist who contributed to the early ideas of evolution, suggesting that the Earth formed according to natural laws and that life forms changed.

The first articulated theory of evolution proposing organisms develop adaptations to their environments, and acquired traits are inherited.

Lack of evidence for spontaneous generation, no inherent drive towards greater complexity, and no inheritance of acquired characteristics.

The historical estimation of the Earth's age, which was inaccurate and much younger than modern calculations.

A theological approach to understanding the natural world, often incorporating the Scala Naturae.

Archbishop James Ussher calculated that Earth was created on October 26th, 4004 B.C. at 9:00 am.

Nicolas Steno is known as the father of geology and stratigraphy.

James Hutton observed that small gradual changes accumulate over time, suggesting Earth is very old.

William Smith noticed different rock layers contain distinct fossils, providing evidence of change over time.

The idea that geological processes happening today are the same as those in the past, shaping Earth over vast time.

Georges Cuvier observed fossils of extinct species, proving that life on Earth has changed.

Thomas Malthus believed that populations grow exponentially, but resources are limited, leading to competition and struggle for survival.

Charles Darwin studied medicine, then divinity, before becoming the naturalist on the HMS Beagle.

A five-year expedition (1831-1836) aboard the HMS Beagle, led by Charles Darwin, that significantly influenced his theory of evolution.

A group of closely related bird species found on the Galapagos Islands, each adapted to different food sources and environments, providing evidence for Darwin's theory of natural selection.

The observation that within a species, there is wide variation in traits, which can be passed down to offspring and influenced by selective breeding.

The process by which individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to their offspring.

The idea that more organisms are born than can survive, leading to competition for resources, mates, and survival.

A trait that increases an organism's chances of surviving and reproducing in its environment.

A British naturalist who independently developed a theory of natural selection similar to Darwin's, prompting Darwin to publish his findings.

A framework encompassing the idea that evolution has occurred, natural selection is the primary driver, variation exists within populations, and inheritance of traits occurs.

The idea that one species can split into two or more separate species over time. This process is a key driver of biodiversity.

The concept that all living organisms, past and present, share a common ancestor. This means tracing back far enough, we can find a single origin for all life.

Darwin's idea that evolution happens slowly and steadily over long periods, through small changes accumulating over generations.

The struggle among individuals for limited resources like food, shelter, and mates. This is a key driving force in natural selection.

Individuals within a population have different characteristics, some of which help them survive and reproduce better than others.

Favorable traits that help an individual survive and reproduce are often passed on to their offspring, increasing the frequency of those traits in future generations.

A process where organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully, passing on those advantageous traits to their offspring.

A combination of Darwin's ideas with modern genetic understanding, forming a comprehensive model for how evolution works.