Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the greatest danger facing 'Our America'?
What is the greatest danger facing 'Our America'?
- Internal conflicts and divisions.
- The scorn of a powerful neighbor who does not know them. (correct)
- Lack of economic resources.
- The threat of military invasion from overseas.
What outcome is predicted if the 'formidable neighbor' comes to know 'Our America'?
What outcome is predicted if the 'formidable neighbor' comes to know 'Our America'?
- They will seek alliances for mutual protection.
- They will attempt to dominate and control 'Our America'.
- They will withdraw their influence out of respect. (correct)
- They will offer financial support and aid.
How does the text characterize Marti's 'Nuestra America' as a paradigm?
How does the text characterize Marti's 'Nuestra America' as a paradigm?
- It emphasizes the confines of individual national borders.
- It focuses on the unique development of each nation in isolation.
- It argues for a comparative history of individual countries.
- It highlights a history of transnational interactions, dialogues and conflicts. (correct)
What is the relationship between ignorance and conflict?
What is the relationship between ignorance and conflict?
What is the author advocating in terms of trust and human nature?
What is the author advocating in terms of trust and human nature?
What is the central focus of Señora Doña Jesús Moreno de Soza's reminiscence?
What is the central focus of Señora Doña Jesús Moreno de Soza's reminiscence?
How did Moreno de Soza's perception of Luisa shift over time?
How did Moreno de Soza's perception of Luisa shift over time?
What does Luisa's response, 'Why don't you call me, Mrs. Handy?', suggest?
What does Luisa's response, 'Why don't you call me, Mrs. Handy?', suggest?
According to Richard Ivan Jacobs and Patrick McDevitt, what is the challenge for historians when interpreting microlevel narratives?
According to Richard Ivan Jacobs and Patrick McDevitt, what is the challenge for historians when interpreting microlevel narratives?
What aspect of U.S. Western narratives does the interaction between Moreno de Soza and Luisa Handy complicate?
What aspect of U.S. Western narratives does the interaction between Moreno de Soza and Luisa Handy complicate?
What does Moreno de Soza's initial reference to Luisa as a 'squaw' reveal about the social context of the time?
What does Moreno de Soza's initial reference to Luisa as a 'squaw' reveal about the social context of the time?
What does Moreno de Soza's attempt to call Luisa 'comadre' signify?
What does Moreno de Soza's attempt to call Luisa 'comadre' signify?
What can be inferred about Luisa's marriage to the son of a 'prominent Euro-American doctor'?
What can be inferred about Luisa's marriage to the son of a 'prominent Euro-American doctor'?
What treaty formally concluded the U.S.-Mexican War, significantly altering the lives of Spanish-speaking settlers in the Southwest?
What treaty formally concluded the U.S.-Mexican War, significantly altering the lives of Spanish-speaking settlers in the Southwest?
Approximately what percentage of its national domain did Mexico lose as a result of the U.S.-Mexican War, including Texas?
Approximately what percentage of its national domain did Mexico lose as a result of the U.S.-Mexican War, including Texas?
After the U.S.-Mexican War, what was the general status of Mexicans living on the U.S. side of the new border?
After the U.S.-Mexican War, what was the general status of Mexicans living on the U.S. side of the new border?
Which term best describes the process of racial and occupational segregation experienced by Mexicans in 19th-century California, as highlighted by Camarillo?
Which term best describes the process of racial and occupational segregation experienced by Mexicans in 19th-century California, as highlighted by Camarillo?
Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton critiqued the status of Californians after the U.S.-Mexican War in her 1885 novel. What is the title of this novel?
Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton critiqued the status of Californians after the U.S.-Mexican War in her 1885 novel. What is the title of this novel?
What did Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton claim that Californians had to do as a result of the changed political landscape?
What did Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton claim that Californians had to do as a result of the changed political landscape?
The memories of loss and displacement experienced by Californios and indigenous peoples were explored by which scholar?
The memories of loss and displacement experienced by Californios and indigenous peoples were explored by which scholar?
Who was Gertrudis Barceló, mentioned as an example of a woman's individual strategies in the text?
Who was Gertrudis Barceló, mentioned as an example of a woman's individual strategies in the text?
Which period in American history was NOT a key focus for survey texts when discussing the U.S.-Mexican War period?
Which period in American history was NOT a key focus for survey texts when discussing the U.S.-Mexican War period?
What is the overarching theme that best describes the experiences of Spanish-speaking settlers after the U.S.-Mexican War?
What is the overarching theme that best describes the experiences of Spanish-speaking settlers after the U.S.-Mexican War?
Which issue was closely linked to the conquest of new lands following the U.S.-Mexican War?
Which issue was closely linked to the conquest of new lands following the U.S.-Mexican War?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way Californio elites attempted to maintain their status after the war?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way Californio elites attempted to maintain their status after the war?
The text suggests that much of the history of the Mexican people in the U.S. has been overshadowed by which occurrence?
The text suggests that much of the history of the Mexican people in the U.S. has been overshadowed by which occurrence?
What does the term 'Manifest Destiny' refer to in the context of the U.S.-Mexican War and its aftermath?
What does the term 'Manifest Destiny' refer to in the context of the U.S.-Mexican War and its aftermath?
How did borderlands scholars shift the narrative of the Southwest compared to popular notions before their research?
How did borderlands scholars shift the narrative of the Southwest compared to popular notions before their research?
What was the significance of the business owned by Barceló in the town where she established it?
What was the significance of the business owned by Barceló in the town where she established it?
How did Mexican women in California utilize the legal system according to Miroslava Chávez-García?
How did Mexican women in California utilize the legal system according to Miroslava Chávez-García?
What was the main objective of the Cuban expatriate writers in New York and New Orleans during the mid-1800s?
What was the main objective of the Cuban expatriate writers in New York and New Orleans during the mid-1800s?
What significant action did Emilia Casanova de Villaverde take during the Ten Years' War?
What significant action did Emilia Casanova de Villaverde take during the Ten Years' War?
What does the year 1898 symbolize for Cubans and Puerto Ricans, similar to what 1848 represented for Mexican Americans?
What does the year 1898 symbolize for Cubans and Puerto Ricans, similar to what 1848 represented for Mexican Americans?
What was the Cuban Revolutionary party founded by José Martí primarily focused on?
What was the Cuban Revolutionary party founded by José Martí primarily focused on?
What significant idea did José Martí outline in his 1891 essay 'Nuestra América'?
What significant idea did José Martí outline in his 1891 essay 'Nuestra América'?
Which factor contributed to the intervention in Cuba in 1898, besides jingoistic news coverage by the Hearst press?
Which factor contributed to the intervention in Cuba in 1898, besides jingoistic news coverage by the Hearst press?
What does Lillian Guerra argue about how Cubans have used and interpreted José Martí’s writings?
What does Lillian Guerra argue about how Cubans have used and interpreted José Martí’s writings?
What does Rodrigo Lazo's literary history reveal about Cuban expatriates' views during the 1840s-1860's?
What does Rodrigo Lazo's literary history reveal about Cuban expatriates' views during the 1840s-1860's?
In what way did Victoria Reed challenge social norms, as explored in Maria Raquel Casas's work on intermarriage?
In what way did Victoria Reed challenge social norms, as explored in Maria Raquel Casas's work on intermarriage?
What does the text suggest about the role of Cuban and Puerto Rican individuals in the United States in relation to 'the splendid little war'?
What does the text suggest about the role of Cuban and Puerto Rican individuals in the United States in relation to 'the splendid little war'?
How did Emilia Casanova de Villaverde’s actions compare to those of the Grimké sisters?
How did Emilia Casanova de Villaverde’s actions compare to those of the Grimké sisters?
In what areas did the Cuban Revolutionary Party, formed by José Martí, establish branches in the U.S.?
In what areas did the Cuban Revolutionary Party, formed by José Martí, establish branches in the U.S.?
What was a significant contradiction that Rodrigo Lazo highlighted among some Latin American intellectuals of the 19th century ?
What was a significant contradiction that Rodrigo Lazo highlighted among some Latin American intellectuals of the 19th century ?
What was a common practice for women in the early Spanish-speaking settlements?
What was a common practice for women in the early Spanish-speaking settlements?
What characterized the early Spanish-speaking settlers' work ethic?
What characterized the early Spanish-speaking settlers' work ethic?
What does the text reveal about the ethnic diversity of the founding families of Los Angeles?
What does the text reveal about the ethnic diversity of the founding families of Los Angeles?
How did economic mobility influence the racial identification of Spanish-speaking villagers in the Rio Grande region, according to Omar Santiago Valerio-Jiménez?
How did economic mobility influence the racial identification of Spanish-speaking villagers in the Rio Grande region, according to Omar Santiago Valerio-Jiménez?
What was 'indentured servitude' like in the Spanish borderlands?
What was 'indentured servitude' like in the Spanish borderlands?
What did Anttonia Ltisgardia Ernandes' case in San Antonio, Texas, highlight?
What did Anttonia Ltisgardia Ernandes' case in San Antonio, Texas, highlight?
What contribution did Ramón A. Gutiérrez make to the understanding of colonial New Mexico?
What contribution did Ramón A. Gutiérrez make to the understanding of colonial New Mexico?
Who were the genizaros?
Who were the genizaros?
What is a key finding emphasized by James F. Brooks in 'Captives and Cousins'?
What is a key finding emphasized by James F. Brooks in 'Captives and Cousins'?
What cautionary note did Ned Blackhawk add to the discussion of captivity?
What cautionary note did Ned Blackhawk add to the discussion of captivity?
Which of the following is a practice of women described in the text?
Which of the following is a practice of women described in the text?
Besides mixed-race settlers, which group sought refuge in New Mexico, according to the text?
Besides mixed-race settlers, which group sought refuge in New Mexico, according to the text?
What does the concept of 'pigmentocracy' refer to?
What does the concept of 'pigmentocracy' refer to?
What does the text suggest regarding the fluidity of racial locations in the Southwest?
What does the text suggest regarding the fluidity of racial locations in the Southwest?
Which of the following is NOT a specific location where Spanish-speaking communities were established?
Which of the following is NOT a specific location where Spanish-speaking communities were established?
What is the 'Black Legend' as described in the text?
What is the 'Black Legend' as described in the text?
Why do U.S. historians often overlook the Spanish borderlands?
Why do U.S. historians often overlook the Spanish borderlands?
What impact did the Black Legend have on the perception of Spanish-speaking people in the U.S. Southwest?
What impact did the Black Legend have on the perception of Spanish-speaking people in the U.S. Southwest?
What is the significance of the year 1848, as it is described in the text?
What is the significance of the year 1848, as it is described in the text?
What was the nature of women's labor during the era of ranchos in California, according to the text?
What was the nature of women's labor during the era of ranchos in California, according to the text?
What is a common misconception about Californios of the ranchero era, as discussed in the text?
What is a common misconception about Californios of the ranchero era, as discussed in the text?
What did Tony Horwitz suggest about the importance of understanding the Spanish history of the U.S.?
What did Tony Horwitz suggest about the importance of understanding the Spanish history of the U.S.?
Why does the text highlight the years 1848, 1898, and 1948?
Why does the text highlight the years 1848, 1898, and 1948?
When did the first Spanish settlement in what is now the United States take place?
When did the first Spanish settlement in what is now the United States take place?
What does the text suggest about the relationship between the past and present when concerning immigration?
What does the text suggest about the relationship between the past and present when concerning immigration?
What is one reason the text mentions for the romanticization of pre-statehood California?
What is one reason the text mentions for the romanticization of pre-statehood California?
What were the two categories that Spanish-speaking people in the Southwest were often relegated to, by 1920?
What were the two categories that Spanish-speaking people in the Southwest were often relegated to, by 1920?
How does the text portray the labor done by Californio women?
How does the text portray the labor done by Californio women?
What is the main point made regarding pre-statehood California?
What is the main point made regarding pre-statehood California?
What does the text imply about the inclusion of Latino history in the broader U.S. narrative?
What does the text imply about the inclusion of Latino history in the broader U.S. narrative?
Flashcards
Señora Doña Jesús Moreno de Soza
Señora Doña Jesús Moreno de Soza
An individual who shared a personal story from the 1880s about social interactions and status.
Apache squaw
Apache squaw
A term used in the narrative to refer to Luisa, an Apache woman who danced at a local park.
Interpersonal relationships
Interpersonal relationships
The connections and interactions between individuals that shape their social identities and communities.
Microlevel narratives
Microlevel narratives
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Cultural negotiation
Cultural negotiation
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Kinship terms
Kinship terms
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Luisa Handy
Luisa Handy
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U.S. western narratives
U.S. western narratives
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Nuestra América
Nuestra América
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Ignorance as Danger
Ignorance as Danger
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Transnational Interactions
Transnational Interactions
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Imperialism Cognition
Imperialism Cognition
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New Paradigm of the Americas
New Paradigm of the Americas
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The Black Legend
The Black Legend
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Spanish Borderlands
Spanish Borderlands
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U.S.-Mexican War
U.S.-Mexican War
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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Californios
Californios
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Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny
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Spanish Influence in Florida
Spanish Influence in Florida
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Myths in History
Myths in History
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Rancheros
Rancheros
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Role of Women in Ranching
Role of Women in Ranching
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Spanish Colonization vs. English
Spanish Colonization vs. English
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Civil Rights and Spanish Speakers
Civil Rights and Spanish Speakers
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Historical Erasure
Historical Erasure
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Integration of Latinos in U.S. History
Integration of Latinos in U.S. History
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Editorial Reflection on Immigration
Editorial Reflection on Immigration
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Maria Raquel Casas
Maria Raquel Casas
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Victoria Reed
Victoria Reed
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Miroslava Chávez-García
Miroslava Chávez-García
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Cuban exiles
Cuban exiles
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Filibustering
Filibustering
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José Martí
José Martí
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Emilia Casanova de Villaverde
Emilia Casanova de Villaverde
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1898 Cuban War of Independence
1898 Cuban War of Independence
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Cuban Revolutionary Party
Cuban Revolutionary Party
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Cubans in the U.S.
Cubans in the U.S.
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Abolitionist newspaper El Mulato
Abolitionist newspaper El Mulato
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Literary history of Cuban exiles
Literary history of Cuban exiles
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Intermarriage in California
Intermarriage in California
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Cuban print culture
Cuban print culture
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Castas
Castas
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Los Angeles Founding
Los Angeles Founding
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Sephardic Jews
Sephardic Jews
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Economic Mobility
Economic Mobility
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Pigmentocracy
Pigmentocracy
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Itinerant Servitude
Itinerant Servitude
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Antonia Lüsigardia Ernandes
Antonia Lüsigardia Ernandes
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Genizaros
Genizaros
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Ramón A. Gutiérrez
Ramón A. Gutiérrez
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James F. Brooks
James F. Brooks
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Cousins Across Cultures
Cousins Across Cultures
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Ned Blackhawk
Ned Blackhawk
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Colonial Diseases
Colonial Diseases
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Caste and Labor
Caste and Labor
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Spanish-speaking settlers
Spanish-speaking settlers
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Second-class citizens
Second-class citizens
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Bairroization
Bairroization
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Cultural entitlements
Cultural entitlements
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Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton
Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton
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Labor-market segmentation
Labor-market segmentation
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Intergenerational economic stratification
Intergenerational economic stratification
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Historical identities
Historical identities
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Dispossession
Dispossession
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Narrative of conflict and accommodation
Narrative of conflict and accommodation
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Women’s roles post-war
Women’s roles post-war
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Study Notes
Historical Analysis of Spanish Borderlands
- Historians often find memoirs, diaries, and letters more compelling than the authors themselves, exemplified by Señora Doña Jesús Moreno de Soza's accounts.
- Moreno de Soza, born in 1855 California, documented a 1880s interaction between a Mexican-American woman (Moreno de Soza) and an Apache woman (Luisa Handy) in a Tucson park, revealing social dynamics.
- The Apache woman, Luisa Handy, challenged social norms by asserting her individuality, and her later marriage to a prominent Euro-American doctor further complicated her position.
- Micro-level narratives, like the encounter, highlight how individuals navigate social constraints to forge their identities.
- This challenges traditional US Western narratives that focus solely on Euro-American/other dichotomies.
- These interactions reveal complex relationships between Mexican Americans, Native Americans, and Euro-Americans.
Erasure of Spanish Borderlands in US History
- US history often omits the Spanish Borderlands due to structural factors, placing emphasis on British colonies preceding the American Revolution.
- The "Black Legend," portraying Spanish conquistadors as rapacious, influences this omission.
- A 1777 Scottish American history reinforced this negative depiction of the Spanish, impacting subsequent views.
- Popular imagery of the Spanish Borderlands often simplifies and romanticizes it (e.g., New Mexico villages).
- The late 1920s saw Spanish speaking people stereotyped as either relics of the past or immigrants needing guidance.
Pivotal Years in Latino History (1848, 1898, 1948)
1848: Conclusion of Mexican-American War
- The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Spanish and Mexican frontier era but remains shrouded in myth.
- Popular depictions of California's ranchos often romanticize an idyllic past, overlooking common Californio realities (mostly small farms, women’s multi-faceted labor).
- The Californio population was primarily made up of families that worked the land with the whole family working to survive.
- Records indicate that women were responsible for much of the everyday tasks involved in managing a working ranch.
- Spanish-speaking settlers were diverse, a range of mixed lineages, backgrounds and ancestry (colonial castas), including substantial African-heritage.
- Jews from the Iberian Peninsula sought refuge in the vast Spanish province of New Mexico.
- Economic status influenced social classification, for example poorer residents who gained wealth could elevate their social status.
- Indentured servitude (including indigenous and African-heritage people) persisted in the frontier.
- Women, even those "free" suffered hardship and dispossession e.g., Antonia Luígardia Ernandes’ experience.
- Accounts and archival documentation of these experiences reveals how power dynamics and stratification impacted social and economic relations.
1898: Spanish-American War
- The 1898 war, often termed a "splendid little war," involved both jingoistic media coverage and US business interests in Cuba.
- Cuban and Puerto Rican activists in the US advocated for Antillean independence from Spain.
- José Martí, a Cuban revolutionary, played a critical role in advocating for independence, establishing the Cuban Revolutionary Party, and engaging in a hemispheric viewpoint.
1948: Continuing Struggles and Political Shifts
- Mexican Americans experienced significant discrimination and dispossession in the US Southwest after the Mexican-American war.
- Mexican Americans continued to struggle with dispossession and violence from their new US neighbors.
- Scholars have documented labor-market segmentation, intergenerational economic stratification, and barrioization.
- Women played significant roles in the struggles of the time, evidenced in their individual strategies, business ventures, and court battles to retain land and resources; these narratives are only now beginning to be explored.
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