Historia de España: Reyes Católicos y Descubrimiento

The collapse of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, leading to the closure of trade routes.

Columbus's proposal to reach the Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic.

Agreement between Spain and Portugal to divide newly discovered lands.

The agreement that outlined conditions for Columbus's voyage and reward.

The exchange of plants, animals, ideas, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.

The charting of and discovery of the American continents.

Italian navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean.

The military force responsible for the conquest of the Byzantine Empire.

A Spanish government agency that controlled trade with the Americas, organizing voyages and regulating commerce.

Money obtained by Spanish trade was not used for economic improvements but for funding European wars.

Laws issued by the Spanish monarchs to protect the rights of Indigenous populations in the Americas.

Forced conversion of Jews to Christianity or exile from Spain under the Spanish monarchy.

The ruling dynasty of Spain during the 16th century, starting with Charles I.

A period of instability in Spain after Isabella's death, before Charles I's adulthood.

Spain became the most powerful European nation under Charles I and Philip II.

A complex system of advisory bodies within the Spanish monarchy, each responsible for different aspects of governance.

Forced converts to Catholicism from the Muslim population in Spain after the fall of Granada.

Spanish monarch who instigated the conversion of Moriscos and faced internal revolts.

Internal uprisings by the Moriscos against forced conversion to Catholicism in Spain.

Predominantly rural, heavily reliant on sheep farming (Mesta), and greatly affected by newly acquired American wealth.

System of fleets organized by Philip II to prevent pirates from attacking trading ships from the Americas.

Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires, leading to colonization and the establishment of viceroyalties.

Administrative divisions established in the Americas under Spanish rule, led by representatives of the king.

The rising prices in Spain due to influx of American gold and silver, making Spanish goods less competitive and causing economic hardship.

Agreements that ended the War of Spanish Succession, resolving the conflict over the Spanish throne.

King of Spain, first of the Bourbon dynasty, gained the throne through the treaties

Royal decrees that unified Spain under the French model of governance.

A Spanish royal house that replaced the Habsburg family.

Royal representative, replacing the Viceroy in governing Spain

A period of intellectual and cultural growth emphasizing reason and individual rights

A system of governance where rulers used Enlightenment ideas to rule, aiming for the good of their people.

Spanish monarch who ruled during the height of the Enlightenment, or "Enlightenment Monarchy"

Treaty signed in 1659 between France and Spain after the Catalan rebellion. Spain ceded territories like Roussillon and Catalonia to France.

Conflict (1700-1714) over the Spanish throne following the death of Charles II. France and Austria contested the succession.

Bourbon king who inherited the Spanish throne in 1700 after the Spanish Succession War. Started the Bourbon dynasty.

Last Habsburg King of Spain (1665-1700). His reign was marked by weakness and succession problems due to genetic issues.

Treaty of 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War and recognized the independence of the Dutch Republic (United Provinces).

Catalan uprising against Spanish control, which France supported. This rebellion forced Spain to make concessions which were written in the peace treaty of the Pyrenees.

A situation that arises when the monarch predeceases without clear and accepted lineage to the throne

French prince named as heir to Charles II in his will, sparking the Spanish Succession War

Series of administrative, economic, and social reforms carried out by King Charles III of Spain, mainly in the 18th century, featuring ministers like Esquilache and Jovellanos.

Spanish policy that ended the monopoly of the Casa de Contratación in Cadiz, allowing more open trade with the American colonies.

Colonization efforts in Spain to populate underpopulated areas in Sierra Morena and the Guadalquivir Valley.

State-sponsored factories in 18th-century Spain for the production of luxury goods (porcelain, tapestries, glass), intended to spur industry.

Organizations dedicated to improving agriculture and crafts, spreading knowledge and promoting public education, especially for the common people.

A popular uprising in 1766 against the reforms of the Marquis of Esquilache, particularly his dress regulations, highlighting social tensions and resistance to change.

Efforts, primarily by Jovellanos, to modernize agriculture, like abandoning traditional methods for new techniques, impacting the Mesta (sheep herding organization).

Spain's support of the American colonies during their war for independence against Britain with the goal of regaining Florida and Menorca.