Histology Quiz on Epithelial Tissue and Apoptosis

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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of necrosis compared to apoptosis?

It results in apoptotic bodies formation.

It involves the activation of caspase enzymes.

It is a regulated process of cell death.

It triggers an inflammatory response. (correct)

Which statement correctly describes apoptosis?

It occurs in response to chronic injury only.

It is an accidental form of cell death.

It can occur during normal development. (correct)

It leads to significant inflammation.

What is the primary function of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Absorption of nutrients.

Facilitating gas exchange.

Protection against mechanical damage. (correct)

Secretion of mucus.

Where would you most likely find simple cuboidal epithelium?

In the thyroid gland. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes simple squamous epithelium from other epithelial types?

Its cells have a flat appearance and cover surfaces. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of apoptosis?

Formation of apoptotic bodies. Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium is primarily found in the stomach and intestines?

Simple columnar. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about apoptosis is true?

It utilizes a caspase enzyme cascade. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue has a squamous surface with living cells that still possess nuclei?

Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Signup and view all the answers

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium primarily found?

Sweat glands Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of pseudostratified epithelial tissue?

Nuclei appear at different levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of dense regular connective tissue?

Connect muscles to bones Signup and view all the answers

In which type of connective tissue are fibroblasts and reticular fibers predominant?

Reticular connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the axon in a neuron?

Transmit impulses away from the cell body Signup and view all the answers

Which structure within the neuron is notably absent from the axon?

Nissl substance Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue provides strength in multiple directions?

Dense irregular connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue is specialized to change shape based on the state of distension?

Transitional epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of neuroepithelium?

Facilitate sensory functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of parietal cells in the gastric gland?

Secrete gastric acid and intrinsic factor Signup and view all the answers

Where are enteroendocrine cells primarily located within the gastric gland?

Base of the glands Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells in the gastrointestinal tract secretes antimicrobial proteins?

Paneth cells Signup and view all the answers

What histological feature characterizes the gall bladder mucosa?

Simple columnar epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the structure of Brunner's Gland?

Found in the submucosa of the duodenum Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the tunica media is prominently developed in muscular arteries?

Many layers of circular smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the main secretion of chief cells in the gastric glands?

Pepsinogen Signup and view all the answers

What structure is NOT present in the tunica intima of arterioles?

Internal elastic lamina Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature helps organize the functional units of the liver?

Hepatic lobules Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the tunica adventitia of large veins?

Includes longitudinal collagen fibers organized in layers Signup and view all the answers

Which component is not a function of the exocrine pancreas?

Produce bile Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the respiratory system would you find C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings?

Trachea Signup and view all the answers

What cell type is primarily responsible for producing mucus in the trachea?

Goblet cells Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does NOT have a muscularis mucosa?

Respiratory bronchioles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the smooth muscle in the tunica media of muscular arteries?

To regulate blood flow Signup and view all the answers

Which type of alveolar cell is most prevalent in alveolar ducts?

Type 1 alveolar cells Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the tunica adventitia of medium veins compared to large veins?

Thinner than the tunica media Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the bronchi demonstrates a transition from pseudostratified ciliated epithelium to simple columnar epithelium?

Secondary bronchi Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoblasts in bone tissue?

Secrete osteoid and initiate mineralization Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by keratohyalin granules and contributes to waterproofing?

Stratum Granulosum Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the thymus serves as a hallmark feature and is composed of concentrically arranged epithelial reticular cells?

Hassal corpuscles Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells in the bone marrow are the precursors to osteoclasts?

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

Where are sensory nerve fibers that innervate skeletal muscle primarily located?

Dorsal root ganglia Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of thick skin is only found in specific areas and contains a few layers of dead or dying cells?

Stratum Lucidum Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell is responsible for maintaining bone matrix once osteoblasts become encased in their own secretions?

Osteocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true about the Stratum Spinosum layer of the epidermis?

Has a prominent network of desmosomes Signup and view all the answers

During what process do osteoclasts become functionally active?

Bone resorption Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells in the thymus aids in the maturation of immature T lymphocytes?

Epithelial reticular cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural component of a uriniferous tubule?

Renal corpuscle and collecting duct Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nephron has a shorter loop of Henle?

Cortical nephron Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

Contains cuboidal epithelium designed for reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the juxtamedullary nephron from the cortical nephron?

It has a longer loop of Henle. Signup and view all the answers

What function do Sertoli cells NOT perform?

Secrete testosterone Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is associated with the collecting duct near the renal pyramid?

Changes to tall simple columnar epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of Leydig cells?

Secrete hormones like testosterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the macula densa?

Regulate blood pressure and filtration Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Biology

Necrosis is a pathological process that occurs in response to acute injury. Cells rupture, release digestive enzymes that damage nearby cells, and swell. It causes a burst and release of enzymes and inflammatory signals.
Apoptosis is a genetically-programmed cell suicide. It is a normal or developmental process, like removing fetal cells, and is deliberate, not accidental. A doomed cell receives a chemical signal that turns on genes, initiates and completes apoptosis (Caspase Enzyme Cascade). Characteristics are cell shrinkage (pyknosis), loss of cell-cell contact, cytoplasmic budding, and formation of apoptotic bodies (cell fragments with nuclear material). Apoptosis does not trigger an inflammatory response. Phagocytes clean up the apoptotic debris.

Epithelium & Glands

Simple squamous epithelium is characterized by its width being greater than its height, a flat nucleus, and a covering function. It lines body cavities and organs (mesothelium), lines blood and lymph vessels (endothelium), the thin loop of Henle (kidney), the vestibular membrane in the cochlea, alveoli in the lungs, and Bowman's capsule in the renal corpuscle (kidney).
Simple cuboidal epithelium is characterized by a width equal to its height, a spherical and central nucleus, and a similar depth, height, and width. It is typically found lining the ducts of small exocrine glands, the thyroid (lining the thyroid follicle), the germinal epithelium (ovary), and the choroid plexus of ventricles (brain).

Specialized Epithelia

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium has dead squamous cells (keratinocytes) at the surface that form a protective layer against dryness, bacteria, and friction, with the cells continuously shedding. Location: epidermis of skin (thicker on palms and feet). Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium has squamous surface cells with nuclei that are still alive, typically found on moist surfaces like the oral cavity, esophagus, anus, and vagina.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium is characterized by circular nuclei and a few layers of cuboidal cells.
Pseudostratified epithelium appears stratified due to nuclei at various levels, but all cells rest on the basement membrane. It consists of columnar cells (with goblet cells) and basal cells. Location: trachea and bronchi of the respiratory tract.
Transitional epithelium is characterized by stratified cuboidal-like cells that transition to squamous cells (distended) and cuboidal (contracted) shapes in response to stretching, typically found in the urinary system (ureters, urinary bladder, and portions of urethra).

Connective Tissue

Connective tissue proper is classified based on fiber type, density, arrangement, and location.

Nervous Tissue

Neuron cell bodies (soma/perikaryon) contain nissl substance (free ribosomes in RER). Microtubules and neurofilaments are networks in cytoplasm for intracellular transport and structural integrity. Lipofuscin granules are residues of lysosomal activity. Cytoplasm includes mitochondria, lysosomes, and the Golgi complex. Dendrites transmit impulses towards the cell body. Axons transmit impulses away from the body, with a single axon per neuron, but can have collaterals(branches). No nissl substance or Golgi complex in the axon. Telodendria are the terminal branches of axons. Neurons have characteristics of irritability (reception) and conductivity (transmission). Three types of neurons are described (bipolar, pseudounipolar, multipolar).
Synapses allow neuron communication with effector cells for transmission of chemical messages due to action potentials. Synaptic vessels contain neurotransmitters.

Adipose Tissue and Cartilage

Hyaline cartilage ECM is a smooth appearance (glassy), with type 2 collagen and ground substance (mostly water with proteoglycans, such as GAGs). Chondrocytes are oval/round and are located in lacunae. Perichondrium is a dense irregular CT that forms the outer fibrous layer and the inner cell layer (chondrogenic cells) surrounding hyaline cartilage excluding articular cartilage.
Elastic cartilage ECM is similar to hyaline cartilage but with elastic fibers. Chondrocytes lie in lacunae closer together. Perichondrium is similar to hyaline cartilage.
Fibrocartilage ECM is type 1 collagen. Chondrocytes lie in lacunae in the abundance of collagen fibers (looking like cells in the dense irregular CT). Perichondrium is absent.

Muscle Tissue

Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary. Skeletal muscle cells, also called muscle fibers, are characterized by endomysium - delicate CT around individual fibers.

Bone Tissue

Osteoblasts originate from osteogenic cells, are cuboidal with basophilic cytoplasm, and have abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum. They secrete osteoid (procollagen, proteoglycans/GAGs, non-collagen proteins) including osteocalcin (which binds to hydroxyapatite crystals)., osteonectin, and bone sialoprotein (ECM via integrins), and osteopontin (ECM via integrins). They initiate and control mineralization.
Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated, and acidophilic. They are responsible for bone resorption.
Osteocytes are osteoblasts enclosed in ECM. They have reduced organelles and cytoplasmic processes that extend into canaliculi (communication via gap junctions). Their function is to maintain bone matrix.

Integument

The layers of the epidermis, in thick skin, include a stratum basale (deepest layer) that is single cuboidal, anchored by hemidesmosomes and mitotic layer of keratinocytes, melanocytes (protect nuclei from UV), and Merkel cells (mechanical receptors). Stratum spinosum are several layers of cells connected by desmosomes for tensile strength.

Hyology of Lymphoid Tissue

Thymus: Primary lymphoid organ in superior mediastinum with a capsule and consists of cortex and medulla. The cortex is characterized by lymphocytes, epithelioreticular cells (forming network around lymphocytes for lymphocyte maturation). The medulla contains fewer lymphocytes, macrophage for phagocytosis of non-functional cells, and Hassal corpuscles. Cells in the thymus are predominantly immune cells.

Histology of Blood Vessels

Elastic arteries: Thick tunica media with multiple layers of elastic tissue.
Muscular arteries: Thick tunica media with smooth muscle and some elastic.
Arterioles: Thin tunica media with one or two layers of smooth muscle and little elastic.
Medium veins: Thin tunica media with a thin layer of smooth muscle.

Histology of Respiratoy System

Trachea: Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium, lamina propria of loose CT, mucosa, serous/mucous, elastic lamina, submucosa (dense irregular CT with fewer glands and MALT), and C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings.
Bronchi: similar to the trachea but have transitional epithelium, fewer glands, and plates of hyaline cartilage.
Bronchioles: have simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium, clara cells (replace goblet cells), no glands, and complete muscularis mucosa.
Alveolar ducts & Alveoli: Simple squamous epithelium, thin lamina propria, lacking muscularis mucosa, but containing bundles of smooth muscle.

Histology of Digestive System

Parietal cells secrete gastric acid and intrinsic factor.
Chief cells secrete pepsinogen.
Enteroendocrine cells secrete various hormones.
Paneth cells secrete antimicrobial proteins.
Enterocytes are absorbent cells.

Histology of Liver/Gall Bladder/exocrine pancrease

The liver is arranged in hepatic lobules where bile is produced and stored in the gallbladder. The gallbladder's mucosa is composed of simple tall columnar epithelium and has smooth muscle in its muscularis externa.
The exocrine pancreas has serous alveoli that produce pancreatic enzymes. It has ducts that deliver the enzymes into the duodenum.

Histology of Urinary System

The uriniferous tubule in the kidney is part of the nephron and the collecting duct. The nephron begins with the renal corpuscle, followed by the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule.
The collecting duct is a component of the uriniferous tubule.

Histology of Reproductive Systems

Sertoli cells have a columnar shape and remove excess cytoplasm. They form a blood-testis barrier, are phagocytic, and supply plasma factors for growth and differentiation. Leydig cells secrete testosterone.
Follicle development includes the formation of fluid-filled spaces (liquor folliculi) and antrum. The cumulus oophorus surrounds the primary oocyte.

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Description

Test your knowledge on essential concepts of histology, including the characteristics of necrosis versus apoptosis and the types of epithelial tissues. This quiz covers key functions and locations of various epithelial types found in the body, as well as the processes of cell death. Perfect for students in biology or health sciences.