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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
At what point in the menstrual cycle does ovulation typically occur?
At what point in the menstrual cycle does ovulation typically occur?
Which structure surrounds the primary oocyte in a mature follicle and aids in nutrient exchange?
Which structure surrounds the primary oocyte in a mature follicle and aids in nutrient exchange?
What is the outcome of atresia in ovarian follicles?
What is the outcome of atresia in ovarian follicles?
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What is a significant physical characteristic of the uterus?
What is a significant physical characteristic of the uterus?
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What type of epithelium covers the external aspect of the cervix?
What type of epithelium covers the external aspect of the cervix?
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What is the primary function of the cervical glands found in the mucosa?
What is the primary function of the cervical glands found in the mucosa?
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Which layer of the testis serves as the dense fibrous capsule?
Which layer of the testis serves as the dense fibrous capsule?
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Which part of the male reproductive system is responsible for the transport of sperm from the epididymis?
Which part of the male reproductive system is responsible for the transport of sperm from the epididymis?
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Which of the following glands is NOT considered an accessory gland in the male reproductive system?
Which of the following glands is NOT considered an accessory gland in the male reproductive system?
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Which is the order of layers covering the testis from outside inwards?
Which is the order of layers covering the testis from outside inwards?
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What major structure does the mediastinum testis give rise to?
What major structure does the mediastinum testis give rise to?
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Which of these ducts is NOT part of the excretory genital ducts in the male reproductive system?
Which of these ducts is NOT part of the excretory genital ducts in the male reproductive system?
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What hormone stimulates the growth of primordial follicles at puberty?
What hormone stimulates the growth of primordial follicles at puberty?
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Which type of ovarian follicle is characterized by a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flat epithelial cells?
Which type of ovarian follicle is characterized by a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flat epithelial cells?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for the secretion of female hormones?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the secretion of female hormones?
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Which part of the female reproductive system is primarily responsible for the transportation of ova from the ovaries?
Which part of the female reproductive system is primarily responsible for the transportation of ova from the ovaries?
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At which stage of follicle development does the oocyte begin to enlarge significantly?
At which stage of follicle development does the oocyte begin to enlarge significantly?
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What is the primary anatomical structure that encloses the ovarian follicles?
What is the primary anatomical structure that encloses the ovarian follicles?
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Which layer of the ovary contains the ovarian follicles?
Which layer of the ovary contains the ovarian follicles?
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The presence of the placenta is most critical during which stage of the female reproductive cycle?
The presence of the placenta is most critical during which stage of the female reproductive cycle?
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What type of tissue primarily makes up the stroma within the ovarian medulla?
What type of tissue primarily makes up the stroma within the ovarian medulla?
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What are the two main components of the parenchyma in the testis?
What are the two main components of the parenchyma in the testis?
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Which type of cells are responsible for helping sperm movement along the seminiferous tubules?
Which type of cells are responsible for helping sperm movement along the seminiferous tubules?
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What initiates the process of spermatogenesis during puberty?
What initiates the process of spermatogenesis during puberty?
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What is the average length of a seminiferous tubule?
What is the average length of a seminiferous tubule?
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Which cells are found in the stratified germinal epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules?
Which cells are found in the stratified germinal epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules?
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What occurs during the phase of spermiogenesis?
What occurs during the phase of spermiogenesis?
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Which structure does NOT belong to the male reproductive system?
Which structure does NOT belong to the male reproductive system?
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In which stage of spermatogenesis do spermatogonia transform into spermatids?
In which stage of spermatogenesis do spermatogonia transform into spermatids?
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What is the diameter of a seminiferous tubule?
What is the diameter of a seminiferous tubule?
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Which type of cell is primarily responsible for providing support to developing sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules?
Which type of cell is primarily responsible for providing support to developing sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules?
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What is the chromosome number in primary spermatocytes?
What is the chromosome number in primary spermatocytes?
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What is the primary function of Sertoli cells?
What is the primary function of Sertoli cells?
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What distinguishes the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubule from the adluminal compartment?
What distinguishes the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubule from the adluminal compartment?
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Which stage do secondary spermatocytes transition to during spermatogenesis?
Which stage do secondary spermatocytes transition to during spermatogenesis?
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What is the function of the blood-testis barrier?
What is the function of the blood-testis barrier?
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What characterizes spermatids in terms of chromosome number?
What characterizes spermatids in terms of chromosome number?
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Which part of the sperm is responsible for motility?
Which part of the sperm is responsible for motility?
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What is one of the components secreting by Sertoli cells to aid spermatogenesis?
What is one of the components secreting by Sertoli cells to aid spermatogenesis?
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Which description fits Leydig cells in the male reproductive system?
Which description fits Leydig cells in the male reproductive system?
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What is the appearance of Sertoli cells under a microscope?
What is the appearance of Sertoli cells under a microscope?
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Study Notes
Histology of Reproductive System
- The female reproductive system includes primary sex organs (gonads), the genital tract, external genitalia, and accessory organs.
- The primary sex organs (gonads) are the ovaries, which have an endocrine function (hormone secretion) and an exocrine function (ova production).
- The genital tract includes the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina.
- The external genitalia include the clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora.
- Accessory organs include the placenta and mammary glands.
The Ovary
- Paired, almond-shaped organ in the pelvic cavity.
- Covered with germinal epithelium (simple cuboidal).
- Underlying the epithelium is the tunica albuginea (dense connective tissue).
- The ovary is composed of a wide outer cortex and a small central medulla.
- The cortex contains ovarian follicles at various stages of development.
- The medulla contains loose connective tissue and highly vascularized structures.
Ovarian Follicles
- Present in the ovarian cortex under the tunica albuginea.
- Different types: primordial, unilaminar primary, multilaminar primary, secondary (antral), and mature (graafian).
- FSH stimulates primordial follicles to grow at puberty, initiating ovarian cycles.
Primordial Follicle
- A primary oocyte (immature ovum), surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells.
- The primary oocyte is 25 µm in diameter, with a large eccentric pale nucleus.
Unilaminar Primary Follicle
- The primary oocyte enlarges.
- The surrounding follicular cells become cuboidal.
Multilaminar Primary Follicle
- The oocyte continues to grow in size.
- The surrounding follicular cells proliferate to multiple layers forming granulosa cells.
- A zona pellucida forms between the granulosa cells and the oocyte.
- Theca folliculi form from stroma cells.
Secondary (Antral) Follicle
- A fluid-filled cavity (antrum) forms within the granulosa cells.
- The theca folliculi differentiates into an inner theca interna and an outer theca externa.
Mature (Graafian) Follicle
- The primary oocyte reaches its maximum size (150 µm).
- The ovum is pushed to one side by the surrounding follicular cells and granulosa cells.
- A corona radiata forms around the ovum.
Ovulation
- The rupture of a mature graafian follicle.
- Release of the secondary oocyte with its corona radiata and cumulus oophorus.
- Occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle (around day 14).
- Induced by an LH surge from the anterior pituitary.
Corpus Luteum
- A yellow body formed in the ovarian cortex after ovulation.
- A remnant of the mature follicle.
- Collapses and infolds, becoming a temporary endocrine gland.
- Functions: secreting progesterone and estrogen; preventing further follicle development.
Atretic Follicle
- Ovarian follicles that undergo atresia (degeneration).
- Atresia can occur at any stage of follicle development.
- Atresia is characterized by oocyte death and degeneration of surrounding cells.
- A scar of fibrous tissue remains in the ovary (following atresia of large follicles).
The Uterus
- Pear-shaped muscular organ that receives the fallopian tubes.
- Lower part opens into the vagina.
- Anatomical parts: fundus, body, cervix.
- Structure of the body and fundus: endometrium (mucosa), myometrium (muscularis), perimetrium (serosa).
- Endometrium: simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, uterine glands.
- Myometrium: composed of three poorly-defined layers of smooth muscle (stratum submucosum, stratum vasculare, stratum supravasculare).
- Perimetrium: loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium.
Cervix of the Uterus
- Lower cylindrical part of the uterus that protrudes into the vagina.
- Internal os: junction between the cervix and the uterine body.
- External os: point where the cervical lumen opens into the vaginal cavity.
- External aspect covered by non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium.
- Composed of mucosa (mucous-secreting cervical glands) and stroma (dense connective tissue with few smooth muscle fibers).
Male Genital System
- Includes primary sex organs (testes), excretory ducts, accessory glands, and external genitalia (penis and scrotum).
Testes
- Ovoid organs (4–5 cm long).
- Covered by three layers: tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginea, tunica vasculosa.
- Consist of lobules containing seminiferous tubules (ST).
Seminiferous Tubules (ST)
- Highly convoluted tubules.
- Approximately 0.2 mm in diameter and 50 cm long.
- Lined by stratified germinal epithelium (spermatogenic cells) and Sertoli cells.
- Surrounded by myoid cells and a basement membrane.
Spermatogenic Cells
- Germ cells in ST lining.
- Differentiate from the basal region of ST to its lumen.
- Sequence of events called spermatogenesis (forming spermatozoa from spermatogonia).
- Stages: spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa.
Sertoli Cells
- Pyramidal cells in ST.
- Extend from the basement membrane to the lumen of ST.
- Lateral borders contain pockets for proliferating spermatogenic cells.
- Tight junctions form the blood-testis barrier.
- Functions: secreting testicular fluid, ABP, inhibin; supporting and nourishing spermatogenic cells; phagocytosis of residual bodies; forming the blood-testis barrier.
Interstitial Cells of Leydig
- Located in the connective tissue between seminiferous tubules.
- Polygonal shape with pale, acidophilic, vacuolated cytoplasm.
- Function: secreting testosterone.
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Description
This quiz explores the histological structure of the female reproductive system, focusing on the ovaries, genital tract, and accessory organs. Participants will learn about the unique features of ovarian follicles and the composition of reproductive organs. Ideal for students studying human anatomy and histology.
