Histology of Reproductive System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the corpus luteum after ovulation?

  • To induce the rupture of the Graafian follicle
  • To prevent fertilization of the ovum
  • To mature the primary oocyte
  • To secrete progesterone and estrogen (correct)

    • At what point in the menstrual cycle does ovulation typically occur?

  • About 14 days after menstruation begins (correct)
  • On the 1st day of the menstrual cycle
  • During the luteal phase
  • At the start of the follicular phase

    • Which structure surrounds the primary oocyte in a mature follicle and aids in nutrient exchange?

  • Zona pellucida
  • Cumulus oophorus (correct)
  • Theca externa
  • Granulosa cells

    • What is the outcome of atresia in ovarian follicles?

    <p>Death of the oocyte and degeneration of surrounding cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant physical characteristic of the uterus?

    <p>It is a pear-shaped muscular organ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium covers the external aspect of the cervix?

    <p>Non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cervical glands found in the mucosa?

    <p>Secrete mucus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the testis serves as the dense fibrous capsule?

    <p>Tunica albuginea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the male reproductive system is responsible for the transport of sperm from the epididymis?

    <p>Vas deferens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands is NOT considered an accessory gland in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Testis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the order of layers covering the testis from outside inwards?

    <p>Tunica vaginalis, Tunica albuginea, Tunica vasculosa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major structure does the mediastinum testis give rise to?

    <p>Fibrous septa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these ducts is NOT part of the excretory genital ducts in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Seminal vesicle duct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates the growth of primordial follicles at puberty?

    <p>Follicle Stimulating Hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ovarian follicle is characterized by a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

    <p>Primordial follicle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for the secretion of female hormones?

    <p>Ovary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the female reproductive system is primarily responsible for the transportation of ova from the ovaries?

    <p>Uterine tubes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage of follicle development does the oocyte begin to enlarge significantly?

    <p>Multilaminar primary follicle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary anatomical structure that encloses the ovarian follicles?

    <p>Tunica albuginea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the ovary contains the ovarian follicles?

    <p>Cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of the placenta is most critical during which stage of the female reproductive cycle?

    <p>During pregnancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue primarily makes up the stroma within the ovarian medulla?

    <p>Loose highly vascular connective tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components of the parenchyma in the testis?

    <p>Seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are responsible for helping sperm movement along the seminiferous tubules?

    <p>Myoid cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the process of spermatogenesis during puberty?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average length of a seminiferous tubule?

    <p>50 cm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are found in the stratified germinal epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules?

    <p>Spermatocytes and spermatids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the phase of spermiogenesis?

    <p>Transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure does NOT belong to the male reproductive system?

    <p>Uterus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of spermatogenesis do spermatogonia transform into spermatids?

    <p>Spermatocytogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of a seminiferous tubule?

    <p>0.2 mm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is primarily responsible for providing support to developing sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules?

    <p>Sertoli cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chromosome number in primary spermatocytes?

    <p>Diploid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Sertoli cells?

    <p>Secretion of inhibin hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubule from the adluminal compartment?

    <p>Containment of spermatogonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage do secondary spermatocytes transition to during spermatogenesis?

    <p>Spermatids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the blood-testis barrier?

    <p>Protect spermatocytes from toxins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes spermatids in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>Haploid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the sperm is responsible for motility?

    <p>Tail (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the components secreting by Sertoli cells to aid spermatogenesis?

    <p>Androgen-binding protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description fits Leydig cells in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Function as an endocrine part (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of Sertoli cells under a microscope?

    <p>Pyramidal shape with large pale nuclei (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Tunica vaginalis

    Double layered peritoneal pouch surrounding the testis.

    Tunica albuginea

    Dense fibrous connective tissue capsule of the testis.

    Tunica vasculosa

    Loose vascular connective tissue layer of the testis.

    Testes

    Oval-shaped male gonads producing sperm and testosterone.

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    Mediastinum testis

    Thickened posterior part of the tunica albuginea.

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    Septa of the testis

    Fibrous partitions that divide the testis into lobules.

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    Cervix (external aspect)

    Part of the cervix that bulges into the vagina, covered by non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium.

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    Male Reproductive System

    System comprising primary sex organs, excretory ducts, accessory glands, and external genitalia.

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    Ovary

    Paired, almond-shaped organ in the pelvic cavity with both endocrine (hormone secretion) and exocrine (egg production) functions.

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    Seminiferous Tubules (ST)

    Highly convoluted tubules within the testis, responsible for sperm production.

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    Ovarian Cortex

    Outer region of the ovary containing ovarian follicles at various stages of development.

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    Spermatogenesis

    The process of sperm formation from spermatogonia.

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    Ovarian Follicles

    Structures within the ovarian cortex containing developing eggs (oocytes).

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    Spermatogonia

    The stem cells that begin the spermatogenesis process.

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    Primary Spermatocytes

    The first meiotic cell division stage in sperm creation, the largest in the series.

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    Primordial follicle

    Earliest stage of a follicle, containing an immature egg (oocyte) surrounded by a single layer of flat cells.

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    Spermatids

    The cells in spermatogenesis that mature into spermatozoa.

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    Unilaminar primary follicle

    Follicle where the egg (oocyte) is larger, and the surrounding cells change to cuboidal.

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    Multilaminar primary follicle

    Follicle stage with the oocyte increasing in size and the surrounding follicular cells in multiple layers.

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    Spermatozoa

    Mature sperm cells produced during spermatogenesis.

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    Secondary (antral) follicle

    Follicle with a fluid-filled cavity (antrum) forming around the maturing egg.

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    Spermatocytogenesis

    The first stage of Spermatogenesis. involves cell division and differentiation from Spermatogonia to Spermatids.

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    Spermiogenesis

    The second stage of Spermatogenesis. Spermatids mature into spermatozoa by a process of metamorphosis (no cell division).

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    Mature Graafian follicle

    The most mature follicle, ready to release the egg.

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    FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)

    Hormone that stimulates the growth of primordial follicles in the ovary.

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    Sertoli Cells

    Support cells in the seminiferous tubules that nourish developing sperm.

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    Interstitial Cells of Leydig

    Endocrine cells in the testes that produce testosterone.

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    Oocyte

    An immature egg (ovum).

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    Granulosa cells

    Cells surrounding the oocyte that proliferate and form multiple layers, contributing to the formation of the follicle.

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    Zona pellucida

    A glycoprotein membrane that forms between the granulosa cells and the oocyte, helping to protect and support the developing egg.

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    Theca folliculi

    A layer of stromal cells that surrounds the developing follicle, providing structural support and contributing to hormone production.

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    Ovulation

    The process of releasing a mature egg from the ovary, facilitated by a surge in LH hormone.

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    Corpus Luteum

    A temporary endocrine gland formed after ovulation, secreting hormones like progesterone and estrogen.

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    1ry Spermatocytes

    Cells with a diploid number of chromosomes that are prominent and thick; they enter the first meiotic division to produce 2ry spermatocytes.

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    2ry Spermatocytes

    Cells that contain a haploid number of chromosomes and are not seen in sections because they rapidly divide by the second meiotic division to produce spermatids.

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    Blood Testis Barrier

    A belt-shaped zone formed by tight junctions between the lateral borders of Sertoli cells. It divides the seminiferous tubule into a basal compartment (containing spermatogonia) and an adluminal compartment (containing other types of spermatogenic cells).

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    Blood Testis Barrier Function

    Selects nutrients, hormones, and proper fluid needed for growth and differentiation of cells; protects spermatocytes from harmful substances in blood and autoimmune response.

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    What is the role of testosterone in the testes?

    Testosterone is essential for the development and maintenance of male reproductive organs, including the testes themselves, and for the development of secondary sex characteristics.

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    Study Notes

    Histology of Reproductive System

    • The female reproductive system includes primary sex organs (gonads), the genital tract, external genitalia, and accessory organs.
    • The primary sex organs (gonads) are the ovaries, which have an endocrine function (hormone secretion) and an exocrine function (ova production).
    • The genital tract includes the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina.
    • The external genitalia include the clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora.
    • Accessory organs include the placenta and mammary glands.

    The Ovary

    • Paired, almond-shaped organ in the pelvic cavity.
    • Covered with germinal epithelium (simple cuboidal).
    • Underlying the epithelium is the tunica albuginea (dense connective tissue).
    • The ovary is composed of a wide outer cortex and a small central medulla.
    • The cortex contains ovarian follicles at various stages of development.
    • The medulla contains loose connective tissue and highly vascularized structures.

    Ovarian Follicles

    • Present in the ovarian cortex under the tunica albuginea.
    • Different types: primordial, unilaminar primary, multilaminar primary, secondary (antral), and mature (graafian).
    • FSH stimulates primordial follicles to grow at puberty, initiating ovarian cycles.

    Primordial Follicle

    • A primary oocyte (immature ovum), surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells.
    • The primary oocyte is 25 µm in diameter, with a large eccentric pale nucleus.

    Unilaminar Primary Follicle

    • The primary oocyte enlarges.
    • The surrounding follicular cells become cuboidal.

    Multilaminar Primary Follicle

    • The oocyte continues to grow in size.
    • The surrounding follicular cells proliferate to multiple layers forming granulosa cells.
    • A zona pellucida forms between the granulosa cells and the oocyte.
    • Theca folliculi form from stroma cells.

    Secondary (Antral) Follicle

    • A fluid-filled cavity (antrum) forms within the granulosa cells.
    • The theca folliculi differentiates into an inner theca interna and an outer theca externa.

    Mature (Graafian) Follicle

    • The primary oocyte reaches its maximum size (150 µm).
    • The ovum is pushed to one side by the surrounding follicular cells and granulosa cells.
    • A corona radiata forms around the ovum.

    Ovulation

    • The rupture of a mature graafian follicle.
    • Release of the secondary oocyte with its corona radiata and cumulus oophorus.
    • Occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle (around day 14).
    • Induced by an LH surge from the anterior pituitary.

    Corpus Luteum

    • A yellow body formed in the ovarian cortex after ovulation.
    • A remnant of the mature follicle.
    • Collapses and infolds, becoming a temporary endocrine gland.
    • Functions: secreting progesterone and estrogen; preventing further follicle development.

    Atretic Follicle

    • Ovarian follicles that undergo atresia (degeneration).
    • Atresia can occur at any stage of follicle development.
    • Atresia is characterized by oocyte death and degeneration of surrounding cells.
    • A scar of fibrous tissue remains in the ovary (following atresia of large follicles).

    The Uterus

    • Pear-shaped muscular organ that receives the fallopian tubes.
    • Lower part opens into the vagina.
    • Anatomical parts: fundus, body, cervix.
    • Structure of the body and fundus: endometrium (mucosa), myometrium (muscularis), perimetrium (serosa).
    • Endometrium: simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, uterine glands.
    • Myometrium: composed of three poorly-defined layers of smooth muscle (stratum submucosum, stratum vasculare, stratum supravasculare).
    • Perimetrium: loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium.

    Cervix of the Uterus

    • Lower cylindrical part of the uterus that protrudes into the vagina.
    • Internal os: junction between the cervix and the uterine body.
    • External os: point where the cervical lumen opens into the vaginal cavity.
    • External aspect covered by non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium.
    • Composed of mucosa (mucous-secreting cervical glands) and stroma (dense connective tissue with few smooth muscle fibers).

    Male Genital System

    • Includes primary sex organs (testes), excretory ducts, accessory glands, and external genitalia (penis and scrotum).

    Testes

    • Ovoid organs (4–5 cm long).
    • Covered by three layers: tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginea, tunica vasculosa.
    • Consist of lobules containing seminiferous tubules (ST).

    Seminiferous Tubules (ST)

    • Highly convoluted tubules.
    • Approximately 0.2 mm in diameter and 50 cm long.
    • Lined by stratified germinal epithelium (spermatogenic cells) and Sertoli cells.
    • Surrounded by myoid cells and a basement membrane.

    Spermatogenic Cells

    • Germ cells in ST lining.
    • Differentiate from the basal region of ST to its lumen.
    • Sequence of events called spermatogenesis (forming spermatozoa from spermatogonia).
    • Stages: spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa.

    Sertoli Cells

    • Pyramidal cells in ST.
    • Extend from the basement membrane to the lumen of ST.
    • Lateral borders contain pockets for proliferating spermatogenic cells.
    • Tight junctions form the blood-testis barrier.
    • Functions: secreting testicular fluid, ABP, inhibin; supporting and nourishing spermatogenic cells; phagocytosis of residual bodies; forming the blood-testis barrier.

    Interstitial Cells of Leydig

    • Located in the connective tissue between seminiferous tubules.
    • Polygonal shape with pale, acidophilic, vacuolated cytoplasm.
    • Function: secreting testosterone.

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