Histology Midterm Study Notes
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Questions and Answers

What is the correct sequence of zones in intracartilagenous ossification?

  • Proliferation, resting cartilage, hypertrophy, and ossification
  • Hypertrophy, proliferation, resting cartilage, and ossification
  • Resting cartilage, proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, and ossification (correct)
  • Hypertrophy, proliferation, calcification, resting cartilage, and ossification

    • What is the composition of a triad in muscle cells?

  • One T-tubule and two terminal cisternae (correct)
  • Composed of actin, myosin, and tropomyosin
  • Two T-tubules and one terminal cisternum
  • Repeated at every Z line

    • Which type of cell is known as a 'big eater' due to its phagocytic activity?

  • Fibroblasts
  • Plasma cells
  • Lymphocytes
  • Fixed macrophages (correct)

    • During allergic reactions, which cells are responsible for secreting histamine?

    <p>Mast cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue cells are primarily found along the long axis of blood capillaries?

    <p>Pericytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue is predominantly present during embryonic life?

    <p>Mesenchymal and mucous connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary cell type responsible for synthesizing the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

    <p>Fibroblasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is characterized by a large, eccentric nucleus with a 'clock-face' appearance of its chromatin?

    <p>Plasma cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle fibers?

    <p>Regulating intracellular calcium concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following statements are false regarding hyaline cartilage, EXCEPT:

    <p>It is surrounded by perichondrium except at articular cartilage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histological feature primarily characterizes skeletal muscle fibers?

    <p>Anisotropic banding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the perichondrium?

    <p>Generating the bone matrix. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue layer directly surrounds individual muscle fibers?

    <p>Endomysium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is FALSE regarding fibrocartilage?

    <p>It has perichondrium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tendons, which connect muscles to bones, are primarily composed of which type of connective tissue?

    <p>Dense regularly arranged collagen fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the periosteum?

    <p>It contains osteogenic cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Appositional growth in cartilage is accomplished by which of the following cells?

    <p>Chondroblasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the formation of cell nests characterize in cartilage?

    <p>Chondrocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following statements are true regarding osteoblasts, EXCEPT:

    <p>They are large oval branched cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding osteocytes?

    <p>The cell processes of adjacent cells are connected by gap junctions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the haversian system?

    <p>Formed of 4-20 concentric bone lamellae arranged around the Haversian canal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Haversian system

    The structural organization of bone featuring concentric layers.

    Intracartilaginous ossification order

    The sequence: resting cartilage, proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, ossification.

    Sarcomere

    The segment of myofibril between two Z lines; basic unit of muscle contraction.

    Triad in muscle fibers

    Structure composed of one T-tubule and two terminal cisternae.

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    Big eaters (cells)

    Cells known as macrophages that consume debris and pathogens.

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    Cells secreting histamine

    Mast cells release histamine during allergic reactions, causing inflammation.

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    Connective tissue in embryonic life

    Mesenchymal and mucous connective tissue is prominent during development.

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    Collagen fibers properties

    Collagen fibers are inelastic, strong, appear white, and are affected by pH changes.

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    Hyaline cartilage

    A type of cartilage that is clear and flexible, containing collagen type II fibers.

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    Perichondrium

    A layer of connective tissue that surrounds cartilage, providing nutrients and support.

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    Fibrocartilage

    A tough, dense form of cartilage with collagen type I, found in intervertebral discs.

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    Osteoblasts

    Bone-forming cells that synthesize new bone matrix.

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    Osteocytes

    Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue, found in lacunae.

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    Osteoclasts

    Bone resorbing cells that break down bone tissue and are multinucleated.

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    Cancellous bone

    A spongy type of bone that contains many pores and is lighter than cortical bone.

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    Principal connective tissue cells

    The main cells found in connective tissue, including fibroblasts and adipose cells.

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    Signet-ring appearance

    A characteristic of unilocular adipose cells that resembles a ring.

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    Nucleus of a plasma cell

    Plasma cells have a nucleus that appears as a 'clock face' due to chromatin arrangement.

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    Skeletal muscle fibers

    Cylindrical, striated muscle cells that are multinucleated and surrounded by basal lamina.

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    Dark band in skeletal muscle

    The A band, where thick filaments (myosin) overlap with thin filaments (actin).

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    Connective tissue covering muscle bundle

    The perimysium, which ensheathes bundles of muscle fibers.

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    Composition of tendon

    Tendons are mainly made of dense, regularly arranged collagen fibers.

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    Formation of cell nests

    Chondrocytes exhibit cell nests known as lacunae in cartilage.

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    Study Notes

    Histology Midterm Study Notes

    • Principal Connective Tissue Cells: The principal connective tissue cells are fibroblasts, reticular cells, and macrophages.

    • Signet-Ring Appearance: Plasma cells have a signet-ring appearance.

    • Plasma Cell Nucleus: Plasma cell nuclei are segmented into many lobes, not kidney-shaped or "horse shoe-shaped".

    • Skeletal Muscle Fiber Characteristics: Skeletal muscle fibers are cylindrical, have acidophilic cytoplasm, are striated, and have a single nucleus. Skeletal muscle fibers are surrounded by basal lamina. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is rough endoplasmic reticulum.

    • Dark Band in Skeletal Muscle: The dark band in skeletal muscle is the A band.

    • Muscle Bundle Covering: The connective tissue covering a muscle bundle is the perimysium.

    • Tendon Composition: Tendons are composed mainly of dense, regularly arranged collagen fibers.

    • Chondroblasts: Chondroblasts are mesenchymal cells responsible for appositional growth of cartilage.

    • Cell Nest Formation: The formation of cell nests in chondrocytes.

    • Hyaline Cartilage Histological Structure: Hyaline cartilage consists of irregularly arranged collagen fibers.

    • Hyaline Cartilage Characteristics: Hyaline cartilage is surrounded by perichondrium (except at articular cartilage), it is opaque and appears yellowish-white in color, does not contain collagen type I in its matrix and it is not calcified.

    • Perichondrium Characteristics: The perichondrium is composed of an outer fibrous layer and inner chondriogenic layer. The perichondrium helps with nutrient delivery and attachment to muscles and ligaments. It does not help with interstitial growth.

    • Fibrocartilage Characteristics: Fibrocartilage lacks perichondrium, contains type I collagen, is white and opaque; and chondrocytes are arranged in rows.

    • Periosteum Characteristics: The periosteum contains osteogenic cells, and is vascular.

    • Osteoblast Characteristics: Osteoblasts are bone-building cells derived from osteogenic cells, and have a deep, basophilic cytoplasm.

    • Osteocytes/Osteoclasts: Osteocytes form cell nests inside lacunae (not osteoblasts), and the cell processes of adjacent cells are connected by gap junctions ; Osteocytes are not dividing cells.

    • Cancellous Bone: Cancellous bone has a spongy appearance, is made of irregularly arranged bone trabeculae, contains active red bone marrow, and has bone marrow spaces. It does not have a Haversian system.

    • Sarcomere Definition: A sarcomere is the region of a myofibril lying between two successive Z lines.

    • Triad Structure: A triad is formed of one T-tubule and two terminal cisternae.

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    Histology Midterm Exam - TAIBAH University PDF

    Description

    Prepare for your Histology midterm with these essential study notes. This material covers key topics such as connective tissue cells, muscle fiber characteristics, and the structure of tendons. Review important details like the appearance of plasma cells and muscle bundle coverings to ensure your understanding.

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