Histology Flashcards Chapter 5
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Questions and Answers

What is histology?

The study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs.

What is another term for histology?

Microscopic anatomy

The skin is what type of membrane?

Cutaneous

A _______ is a group of similar cells and cell products that arise from the same region of the embryo and work together to perform a specific structural or physiological role in an organ.

<p>Tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types?

<p>Organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation?

<p>Muscular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary job of muscular tissues?

<p>To exert physical force on other tissues and organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the white blood cells that support immunity?

<p>Leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What attacks bacteria?

<p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of cartilage?

<p>Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth are all types of what?

<p>Muscular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is growth through cell multiplication called?

<p>Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

_______ is shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number.

<p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off?

<p>Infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition means tissue necrosis due to insufficient blood supply, usually involving infection?

<p>Gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

______________ is the replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before.

<p>Regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ is the replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue.

<p>Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the patch that holds cells together somewhat like the snap on a pair of jeans called?

<p>Desmosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are small cell fragments scattered amid the blood cells?

<p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main type of fat that is only found in adults?

<p>White fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents?

<p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metabolism of ____ fat generates heat in children and infants.

<p>Brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

The four primary tissues are ____.

<p>Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Of the four main types of tissue, ____ tissue fills the spaces between other tissues and bonds to one another.

<p>Connective</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two broad classes of glands?

<p>Endocrine; exocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ____ is a cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination as waste.

<p>Gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of smooth muscles?

<p>Uninucleate, fusiform, nonstriated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes skeletal muscle?

<p>Long, striated, multinucleate cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes cardiac muscle cells?

<p>Branched, uninucleate, striated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels?

<p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of blood?

<p>Transport cells and dissolved matter from place to place</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ones are the three primary germ layers?

<p>Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical such as formalin that prevents decay?

<p>Fixative</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a group of similar cells that performs some discrete function within an organ described as?

<p>Tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of tissue is found at surfaces, composed of one or more layers of closely adhering cells?

<p>Epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of stratified epithelia?

<p>Stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, columnar epithelial, transitional epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue is responsible for communication within the body using electrical and chemical signals?

<p>Nervous</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main types of body membranes?

<p>Cutaneous, mucous, serous</p> Signup and view all the answers

The abdominal cavity is lined with a _____ membrane.

<p>Serous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adipocytes are the predominant cell type in which connective tissue?

<p>Adipose</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two broad categories of fibrous connective tissue are ____ and ___ connective tissue.

<p>Loose, dense</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layers give rise to all of the body's mature tissues?

<p>Primary germ</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epithelial cells that have a flat and scaly shape are classified as ______ cells.

<p>Squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the order of tissue repair?

<p>Bleeding into the cut; scab formation; macrophages; formation of granulation tissue; fibrotic phase of repair; epithelial regeneration; fibrosis; remodeling phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue types are described as excitable?

<p>Nervous; muscular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which membranes line passages that open to the exterior of the body?

<p>Mucous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Skin is an example of a _____________ membrane.

<p>Cutaneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of adipose tissue?

<p>Thermal insulation, cushion for organs, storage of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Of the four classes of tissue, _______ tissues are the most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues.

<p>Connective</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ ______ range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells, with some cells resting directly on others and only the deepest layer attached to the basement membrane.

<p>Stratified epithelia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are functions of connective tissue in the body?

<p>Bind organs to one another; support and protect organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell types are found in fibrous connective tissue?

<p>Fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes (white blood cells), mast cells, adipocytes (fat cells).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the epithelium consisting of one layer of cells where all cells rest directly in the basement membrane, but appear to be arranged in layers?

<p>Simple</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surface of an epithelial cell faces the basement membrane?

<p>Basal</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cartilage cell that has become enclosed in a lacuna in the cartilage matrix is called a ____.

<p>Chondrocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are formed elements of blood?

<p>Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a relatively avascular class of connective tissue?

<p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Connective tissue cells that are filled mainly by a globule of triglycerides are called what?

<p>Adipocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is blood plasma best defined?

<p>Liquid portion of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

<p>Smooth, skeletal, cardiac.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within some types of simple epithelia are simple single cells that produce mucus. These cells are called ______ cells.

<p>Goblet</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within cartilage, cells called _____ secrete cartilage matrix.

<p>Chondroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

The type of cell junction that holds cells together and seals off the space between adjacent cells making it difficult for substances to pass between them is a ______ junction.

<p>Tight</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organs are lined with simple columnar epithelium?

<p>Inner lining of stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterus, uterine tubes; some kidney tubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an osteocyte?

<p>A mature bone cell located in a lacuna.</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ fluid is any body fluid that is not contained in the cells.

<p>Extracellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

The four types of tissue are composed of which two major components?

<p>Cells, matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of macrophages?

<p>Engulf foreign particles, activate the immune system when they encounter antigens, destroy dead or dying self cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for osseous tissue?

<p>Bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for an erythrocyte?

<p>Red blood cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is found in the nervous tissue?

<p>Neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

A bone as a whole is covered with a tough fibrous layer called a(n)

<p>Periosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which epithelial cell shape is significantly taller than it is wide?

<p>Columnar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the three alternative names for ground substance.

<p>Tissue fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the cells and cell fragments of blood collectively referred to as?

<p>Formed elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where would you find spongy bone?

<p>In head of long bones; within the interior of flat and irregular bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clear gel portion of the connective tissue matrix that contains water, gases, minerals, nutrients, wastes, and other materials called?

<p>Ground substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tissue section made by cutting at a slant is called a(an) ____ section.

<p>Oblique</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cardiac muscle cell also called?

<p>Myocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

An epithelial cell that is roughly shaped like a cube is considered ______ in shape.

<p>Cuboidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

A(an) _______ is another term for a fat cell.

<p>Adipocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outer layer of the embryonic germ layer is the _____

<p>Ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

________ epithelium consists of tall columnar cells and shorter basal cells.

<p>Pseudostratified</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indicate two locations that are lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

<p>Lining parts of the male urethra; the respiratory tract from the nasal cavity to the bronchi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell produces collagen fibers and ground substance?

<p>Fibroblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the basement membrane?

<p>To adhere epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a formed element of blood involved in clotting?

<p>Platelet</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indicate two locations where simple cuboidal epithelium is found.

<p>Granular epithelium; lining kidney tubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A small cavity in a tissue such as bone or cartilage is a(n)

<p>Lacuna</p> Signup and view all the answers

A single muscle cell is called a muscle ___

<p>Fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

Merocrine glands release their secretions by which process?

<p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Exocrine glands that release their secretions by cell lysis are classified as ______ glands.

<p>Holocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the two ways tissue can be repaired.

<p>Regeneration; fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

A(n) _____ junction in an area of attachment between two cells formed by a ringlike connexon.

<p>Gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

<p>The inner lining of the heart and blood vessels; lining the air sacs of the lungs; serous membranes of the viscera.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The type of connective tissue that functions primarily in the transport of cells, nutrients, gases, and dissolved matter through the body is _____

<p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most abundant type of formed elements in the blood are _____

<p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the enlargement of preexisting cells called?

<p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

The development of a tumor (neoplasm), that is benign or malignant composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue is called?

<p>Neoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

____ atrophy is through normal aging.

<p>Senile</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Histology Overview

  • Histology is the study of tissues and their arrangement into organs.
  • Also known as microscopic anatomy.

Membranes

  • The skin is categorized as a cutaneous membrane.
  • The abdominal cavity is lined with a serous membrane.

Tissues

  • A tissue consists of similar cells working together for a specific role.
  • Four primary tissue types: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular.

Muscular Tissue

  • Specialized for contraction in response to stimulation.
  • Types include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
  • Major functions of muscular tissue involve exerting force on other tissues and organs.

Leukocytes

  • White blood cells critical for immunity.
  • Neutrophils attack bacteria, while lymphocytes react against foreign agents.

Cartilage

  • Three types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

Cellular Growth and Change

  • Hyperplasia refers to tissue growth through cell multiplication.
  • Atrophy describes the shrinkage of tissue from loss of cell size or number.
  • Infarction is sudden tissue death due to loss of blood supply.
  • Gangrene is tissue necrosis caused by insufficient blood supply and often involves infection.

Tissue Repair

  • Regeneration replaces dead cells with the same type; fibrosis replaces them with scar tissue.
  • Steps in tissue repair: bleeding, scab formation, granulation tissue formation, and remodeling.

Membrane Types

  • Three main body membrane types include cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes.
  • Mucous membranes line passages that open to the exterior.

Connective Tissue

  • Connective tissues fill spaces between other tissues and bind them together.
  • Fibrous connective tissue includes loose and dense types, composed of cells like fibroblasts and macrophages.
  • Adipose tissue is made of adipocytes and functions in insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.

Epithelial Tissue

  • Composed of layers of closely adhering cells, forming coverings and linings.
  • Stratified epithelia consist of multiple layers with only the deepest layer attached to the basement membrane.
  • Simple epithelium appears layered but consists of one layer where all cells rest on the basement membrane.

Cell Types

  • Erythrocytes are red blood cells; leukocytes are white blood cells; platelets are cell fragments involved in clotting.
  • Chondrocytes are cartilage cells; osteocytes are mature bone cells.
  • Neurons are the primary cell type in nervous tissue.

Ground Substance and Matrix

  • The clear gel-like portion of connective tissue is called ground substance, containing water, gases, minerals, nutrients, and waste.
  • Tissue consists of cells and matrix.

Gland Types

  • Glands are organs that secrete substances; two categories include endocrine (hormones) and exocrine (through ducts).
  • Exocrine glands include merocrine (release by exocytosis) and holocrine (release by cell lysis).

Basic Cell Shapes and Junctions

  • Squamous cells are flat and scaly; cuboidal cells are roughly cube-shaped.
  • Pseudostratified epithelium appears stratified due to varied cell heights but is a single layer.
  • Tight junctions seal spaces between cells; desmosomes hold cells together.

Blood Function

  • Blood functions mainly in transporting cells and dissolved matter throughout the body.
  • Formed elements of blood include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Neoplasia and Growth Processes

  • Neoplasia refers to tumor development, which can be benign or malignant.
  • Hypertrophy describes cell enlargement from factors such as muscle growth through exercise.

Aging

  • Senile atrophy refers to tissue shrinkage due to aging processes.

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Test your knowledge on histology with these informative flashcards covering essential concepts like tissue arrangement and membrane types. Each card presents a question related to the study of microscopic anatomy, enhancing your understanding in a fun and engaging way.

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