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Questions and Answers
What is histology?
What is histology?
The study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs.
What is another term for histology?
What is another term for histology?
Microscopic anatomy
The skin is what type of membrane?
The skin is what type of membrane?
Cutaneous
A _______ is a group of similar cells and cell products that arise from the same region of the embryo and work together to perform a specific structural or physiological role in an organ.
A _______ is a group of similar cells and cell products that arise from the same region of the embryo and work together to perform a specific structural or physiological role in an organ.
What is a structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types?
What is a structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types?
What are elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation?
What are elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation?
What is the primary job of muscular tissues?
What is the primary job of muscular tissues?
What is the name of the white blood cells that support immunity?
What is the name of the white blood cells that support immunity?
What attacks bacteria?
What attacks bacteria?
What are the three types of cartilage?
What are the three types of cartilage?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth are all types of what?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth are all types of what?
What is growth through cell multiplication called?
What is growth through cell multiplication called?
_______ is shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number.
_______ is shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number.
What is the sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off?
What is the sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off?
Which condition means tissue necrosis due to insufficient blood supply, usually involving infection?
Which condition means tissue necrosis due to insufficient blood supply, usually involving infection?
______________ is the replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before.
______________ is the replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before.
_____ is the replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue.
_____ is the replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue.
What is the patch that holds cells together somewhat like the snap on a pair of jeans called?
What is the patch that holds cells together somewhat like the snap on a pair of jeans called?
What are small cell fragments scattered amid the blood cells?
What are small cell fragments scattered amid the blood cells?
What is the main type of fat that is only found in adults?
What is the main type of fat that is only found in adults?
Which cells react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents?
Which cells react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents?
Metabolism of ____ fat generates heat in children and infants.
Metabolism of ____ fat generates heat in children and infants.
The four primary tissues are ____.
The four primary tissues are ____.
Of the four main types of tissue, ____ tissue fills the spaces between other tissues and bonds to one another.
Of the four main types of tissue, ____ tissue fills the spaces between other tissues and bonds to one another.
What are the two broad classes of glands?
What are the two broad classes of glands?
A ____ is a cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination as waste.
A ____ is a cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination as waste.
What are the characteristics of smooth muscles?
What are the characteristics of smooth muscles?
What describes skeletal muscle?
What describes skeletal muscle?
What characterizes cardiac muscle cells?
What characterizes cardiac muscle cells?
What is the fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels?
What is the fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels?
What is the primary function of blood?
What is the primary function of blood?
Which ones are the three primary germ layers?
Which ones are the three primary germ layers?
What is a chemical such as formalin that prevents decay?
What is a chemical such as formalin that prevents decay?
What is a group of similar cells that performs some discrete function within an organ described as?
What is a group of similar cells that performs some discrete function within an organ described as?
What kind of tissue is found at surfaces, composed of one or more layers of closely adhering cells?
What kind of tissue is found at surfaces, composed of one or more layers of closely adhering cells?
What are the four types of stratified epithelia?
What are the four types of stratified epithelia?
Which tissue is responsible for communication within the body using electrical and chemical signals?
Which tissue is responsible for communication within the body using electrical and chemical signals?
What are the three main types of body membranes?
What are the three main types of body membranes?
The abdominal cavity is lined with a _____ membrane.
The abdominal cavity is lined with a _____ membrane.
Adipocytes are the predominant cell type in which connective tissue?
Adipocytes are the predominant cell type in which connective tissue?
The two broad categories of fibrous connective tissue are ____ and ___ connective tissue.
The two broad categories of fibrous connective tissue are ____ and ___ connective tissue.
Which layers give rise to all of the body's mature tissues?
Which layers give rise to all of the body's mature tissues?
Epithelial cells that have a flat and scaly shape are classified as ______ cells.
Epithelial cells that have a flat and scaly shape are classified as ______ cells.
What is the order of tissue repair?
What is the order of tissue repair?
Which tissue types are described as excitable?
Which tissue types are described as excitable?
Which membranes line passages that open to the exterior of the body?
Which membranes line passages that open to the exterior of the body?
Skin is an example of a _____________ membrane.
Skin is an example of a _____________ membrane.
What are the functions of adipose tissue?
What are the functions of adipose tissue?
Of the four classes of tissue, _______ tissues are the most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues.
Of the four classes of tissue, _______ tissues are the most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues.
______ ______ range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells, with some cells resting directly on others and only the deepest layer attached to the basement membrane.
______ ______ range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells, with some cells resting directly on others and only the deepest layer attached to the basement membrane.
Which of the following are functions of connective tissue in the body?
Which of the following are functions of connective tissue in the body?
Which cell types are found in fibrous connective tissue?
Which cell types are found in fibrous connective tissue?
What is the epithelium consisting of one layer of cells where all cells rest directly in the basement membrane, but appear to be arranged in layers?
What is the epithelium consisting of one layer of cells where all cells rest directly in the basement membrane, but appear to be arranged in layers?
Which surface of an epithelial cell faces the basement membrane?
Which surface of an epithelial cell faces the basement membrane?
A cartilage cell that has become enclosed in a lacuna in the cartilage matrix is called a ____.
A cartilage cell that has become enclosed in a lacuna in the cartilage matrix is called a ____.
Which of the following are formed elements of blood?
Which of the following are formed elements of blood?
Which of the following is a relatively avascular class of connective tissue?
Which of the following is a relatively avascular class of connective tissue?
Connective tissue cells that are filled mainly by a globule of triglycerides are called what?
Connective tissue cells that are filled mainly by a globule of triglycerides are called what?
How is blood plasma best defined?
How is blood plasma best defined?
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Within some types of simple epithelia are simple single cells that produce mucus. These cells are called ______ cells.
Within some types of simple epithelia are simple single cells that produce mucus. These cells are called ______ cells.
Within cartilage, cells called _____ secrete cartilage matrix.
Within cartilage, cells called _____ secrete cartilage matrix.
The type of cell junction that holds cells together and seals off the space between adjacent cells making it difficult for substances to pass between them is a ______ junction.
The type of cell junction that holds cells together and seals off the space between adjacent cells making it difficult for substances to pass between them is a ______ junction.
Which organs are lined with simple columnar epithelium?
Which organs are lined with simple columnar epithelium?
What is an osteocyte?
What is an osteocyte?
_____ fluid is any body fluid that is not contained in the cells.
_____ fluid is any body fluid that is not contained in the cells.
The four types of tissue are composed of which two major components?
The four types of tissue are composed of which two major components?
What are the functions of macrophages?
What are the functions of macrophages?
What is another name for osseous tissue?
What is another name for osseous tissue?
What is another name for an erythrocyte?
What is another name for an erythrocyte?
Which type of cell is found in the nervous tissue?
Which type of cell is found in the nervous tissue?
A bone as a whole is covered with a tough fibrous layer called a(n)
A bone as a whole is covered with a tough fibrous layer called a(n)
Which epithelial cell shape is significantly taller than it is wide?
Which epithelial cell shape is significantly taller than it is wide?
Identify the three alternative names for ground substance.
Identify the three alternative names for ground substance.
What are the cells and cell fragments of blood collectively referred to as?
What are the cells and cell fragments of blood collectively referred to as?
Where would you find spongy bone?
Where would you find spongy bone?
What is the clear gel portion of the connective tissue matrix that contains water, gases, minerals, nutrients, wastes, and other materials called?
What is the clear gel portion of the connective tissue matrix that contains water, gases, minerals, nutrients, wastes, and other materials called?
The tissue section made by cutting at a slant is called a(an) ____ section.
The tissue section made by cutting at a slant is called a(an) ____ section.
What is a cardiac muscle cell also called?
What is a cardiac muscle cell also called?
An epithelial cell that is roughly shaped like a cube is considered ______ in shape.
An epithelial cell that is roughly shaped like a cube is considered ______ in shape.
A(an) _______ is another term for a fat cell.
A(an) _______ is another term for a fat cell.
The outer layer of the embryonic germ layer is the _____
The outer layer of the embryonic germ layer is the _____
________ epithelium consists of tall columnar cells and shorter basal cells.
________ epithelium consists of tall columnar cells and shorter basal cells.
Indicate two locations that are lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Indicate two locations that are lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Which cell produces collagen fibers and ground substance?
Which cell produces collagen fibers and ground substance?
What is the function of the basement membrane?
What is the function of the basement membrane?
What is a formed element of blood involved in clotting?
What is a formed element of blood involved in clotting?
Indicate two locations where simple cuboidal epithelium is found.
Indicate two locations where simple cuboidal epithelium is found.
A small cavity in a tissue such as bone or cartilage is a(n)
A small cavity in a tissue such as bone or cartilage is a(n)
A single muscle cell is called a muscle ___
A single muscle cell is called a muscle ___
Merocrine glands release their secretions by which process?
Merocrine glands release their secretions by which process?
Exocrine glands that release their secretions by cell lysis are classified as ______ glands.
Exocrine glands that release their secretions by cell lysis are classified as ______ glands.
Identify the two ways tissue can be repaired.
Identify the two ways tissue can be repaired.
A(n) _____ junction in an area of attachment between two cells formed by a ringlike connexon.
A(n) _____ junction in an area of attachment between two cells formed by a ringlike connexon.
Where is simple squamous epithelium found?
Where is simple squamous epithelium found?
The type of connective tissue that functions primarily in the transport of cells, nutrients, gases, and dissolved matter through the body is _____
The type of connective tissue that functions primarily in the transport of cells, nutrients, gases, and dissolved matter through the body is _____
The most abundant type of formed elements in the blood are _____
The most abundant type of formed elements in the blood are _____
What is the enlargement of preexisting cells called?
What is the enlargement of preexisting cells called?
The development of a tumor (neoplasm), that is benign or malignant composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue is called?
The development of a tumor (neoplasm), that is benign or malignant composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue is called?
____ atrophy is through normal aging.
____ atrophy is through normal aging.
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Study Notes
Histology Overview
- Histology is the study of tissues and their arrangement into organs.
- Also known as microscopic anatomy.
Membranes
- The skin is categorized as a cutaneous membrane.
- The abdominal cavity is lined with a serous membrane.
Tissues
- A tissue consists of similar cells working together for a specific role.
- Four primary tissue types: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular.
Muscular Tissue
- Specialized for contraction in response to stimulation.
- Types include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
- Major functions of muscular tissue involve exerting force on other tissues and organs.
Leukocytes
- White blood cells critical for immunity.
- Neutrophils attack bacteria, while lymphocytes react against foreign agents.
Cartilage
- Three types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.
Cellular Growth and Change
- Hyperplasia refers to tissue growth through cell multiplication.
- Atrophy describes the shrinkage of tissue from loss of cell size or number.
- Infarction is sudden tissue death due to loss of blood supply.
- Gangrene is tissue necrosis caused by insufficient blood supply and often involves infection.
Tissue Repair
- Regeneration replaces dead cells with the same type; fibrosis replaces them with scar tissue.
- Steps in tissue repair: bleeding, scab formation, granulation tissue formation, and remodeling.
Membrane Types
- Three main body membrane types include cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes.
- Mucous membranes line passages that open to the exterior.
Connective Tissue
- Connective tissues fill spaces between other tissues and bind them together.
- Fibrous connective tissue includes loose and dense types, composed of cells like fibroblasts and macrophages.
- Adipose tissue is made of adipocytes and functions in insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Epithelial Tissue
- Composed of layers of closely adhering cells, forming coverings and linings.
- Stratified epithelia consist of multiple layers with only the deepest layer attached to the basement membrane.
- Simple epithelium appears layered but consists of one layer where all cells rest on the basement membrane.
Cell Types
- Erythrocytes are red blood cells; leukocytes are white blood cells; platelets are cell fragments involved in clotting.
- Chondrocytes are cartilage cells; osteocytes are mature bone cells.
- Neurons are the primary cell type in nervous tissue.
Ground Substance and Matrix
- The clear gel-like portion of connective tissue is called ground substance, containing water, gases, minerals, nutrients, and waste.
- Tissue consists of cells and matrix.
Gland Types
- Glands are organs that secrete substances; two categories include endocrine (hormones) and exocrine (through ducts).
- Exocrine glands include merocrine (release by exocytosis) and holocrine (release by cell lysis).
Basic Cell Shapes and Junctions
- Squamous cells are flat and scaly; cuboidal cells are roughly cube-shaped.
- Pseudostratified epithelium appears stratified due to varied cell heights but is a single layer.
- Tight junctions seal spaces between cells; desmosomes hold cells together.
Blood Function
- Blood functions mainly in transporting cells and dissolved matter throughout the body.
- Formed elements of blood include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
Neoplasia and Growth Processes
- Neoplasia refers to tumor development, which can be benign or malignant.
- Hypertrophy describes cell enlargement from factors such as muscle growth through exercise.
Aging
- Senile atrophy refers to tissue shrinkage due to aging processes.
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