Questions and Answers
What is a primary function of adipose tissue?
Which type of adipose tissue is characterized by having a single lipid droplet?
What type of cells develop into adipocytes?
Which characteristic is specific to white adipose tissue?
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In what part of the body is white adipose tissue most abundant?
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What is one of the endocrine functions of white adipose tissue?
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Which type of adipose tissue is primarily involved in heat production?
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What hormone released by white adipose tissue specifically targets the hypothalamus?
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What type of cartilage is characterized by the presence of type II collagen and a smooth, glassy appearance?
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Which type of cartilage is found in areas that endure repeated bending?
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Where is fibrocartilage primarily located?
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What primary component makes up the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage?
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What cellular structure does articular cartilage lack compared to other types of cartilage?
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How do chondroblasts contribute to appositional growth in cartilage?
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What is the primary composition of the extracellular matrix in elastic cartilage?
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What type of collagen is associated with fibrocartilage?
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What is the primary function of brown adipose tissue?
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What distinguishes the cellular structure of brown adipose tissue from white adipose tissue?
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Which statement about cartilage is correct?
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What process involves mesenchymal cells transforming into chondroblasts?
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During interstitial growth of cartilage, what occurs?
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What is the role of the extracellular matrix in cartilage?
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Why does brown adipose tissue appear reddish brown in living organisms?
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What are chondrocytes that are enclosed by the matrix called?
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What distinguishes elastic cartilage from hyaline cartilage?
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Which type of collagen is primarily associated with fibrocartilage?
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Why is cartilage repair after injury limited?
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Which of the following is a key feature of fibrous joints?
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In which type of joint would you find hyaline cartilage connecting the bones?
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Which characteristic is true for diarthrodial joints?
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What type of cartilage is found at intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis?
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What is a structural characteristic of gomphosis joints?
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Study Notes
Adipose Tissue
- Composed of adipose cells organized into lobules by connective tissue.
- Contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.
- Functions include energy storage, shock absorption, heat insulation, water source during extreme conditions, and various endocrine and metabolic roles.
- Two types: white (unilocular) and brown (multilocular).
White (Unilocular) Adipose Tissue
- Characterized by a single lipid droplet per cell, giving it a white appearance.
- Contains a thin ring of cytoplasm around a central vacuole (signet ring cell).
- Eccentrically flattened nucleus and surrounded by reticular fibers for structural support.
- Predominantly found in superficial fascia (hypodermis) and between connective tissue.
- Rich in membrane receptors (insulin, growth hormone, etc.) facilitating fatty acid and glycerol metabolism.
- Converts androgens into estrogens and secretes leptin, influencing appetite and energy balance.
Brown (Multilocular) Adipose Tissue
- Cells are smaller with multiple lipid droplets, resulting in a reddish-brown appearance.
- Contains abundant mitochondria, facilitating high rates of fatty acid oxidation and heat production.
- Rich blood supply and uncoupling proteins (thermogenin) for thermoregulation.
- Primarily located in infants around the neck and interscapular regions.
Cartilage General Characteristics
- Specialized connective tissue consisting of cells, fibers, and an extracellular matrix (ECM).
- ECM provides firmness and strength; lacks blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.
- Contains high levels of glycosaminoglycans, allowing diffusion between surrounding vessels and chondrocytes.
Development and Growth of Cartilage (Chondrogenesis)
- Mesenchymal cells transform into chondroblasts, which produce the ECM and become chondrocytes within lacunae.
- Perichondrium forms from surrounding mesenchyme.
- Interstitial growth occurs within cartilage during embryogenesis via chondrocyte mitosis and matrix secretion.
- Appositional growth involves the inner layer of the perichondrium adding new cartilage at the surface, primarily in adults.
Types of Cartilage and Their Locations
- Hyaline Cartilage: Most prevalent type; found in synovial joints, tracheal rings, nose, and fetal skeleton. Contains Type II collagen.
- Elastic Cartilage: Provides structure where flexibility is needed; found in the external ear and epiglottis. Contains Type II collagen and elastic fibers.
- Fibrocartilage: Blends dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage; found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis. Contains Type I collagen for tensile strength.
Hyaline Cartilage
- ECM has a smooth, glassy appearance with Type II collagen and a high water content (70%).
- Chondrocytes are oval to round, with basophilic cytoplasm; presence in lacunae and cell nests.
- Perichondrium has an outer fibrous layer and an inner chondrogenic layer; articular cartilage lacks a perichondrium.
Elastic and Fibrocartilage
- Elastic Cartilage: Similar structure to hyaline but includes elastic fibers for flexibility; chondrocytes are similar.
- Fibrocartilage: Contains abundant collagen fibers; lacks perichondrium and has lower proteoglycan and water concentrations.
Cartilage Repair
- Limited regeneration potential primarily via chondrogenic cells in the perichondrium (appositional growth).
- Repair cartilage has mixed matrix compositions of Type I and Type II collagen.
Classification of Joints
-
Fibrous Joints: No joint cavity; bones joined by dense connective tissue.
- Types include sutures (skull), syndesmosis (interosseous membrane), and gomphosis (roots of teeth).
-
Cartilaginous Joints: No joint cavity; connected by cartilage.
- Types include synchondrosis (rib cage and epiphyseal plate) and symphysis (intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis).
Diarthrodial Joints
- Also known as synovial joints, characterized by an articular cavity.
- Articular surfaces are not in direct contact; covered with hyaline cartilage which does not have a perichondrium.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the histology of specialized connective tissues, specifically comparing white and brown adipose tissue. It covers the structural and functional differences, including lipid storage and oxidation rates. Assess your understanding of these crucial cellular functions.
