Histology: Basement Membrane and Gap Junctions
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Questions and Answers

What type of muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movement?

  • Cardiac muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Smooth muscle tissue
  • Skeletal muscle tissue (correct)

    • Cardiac muscle tissue is under voluntary control.

    False

    What is the thickened middle of smooth muscle cells called?

    thickened middle

    Nervous tissue consists of two types of cells: ________ and neuroglia.

    <p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of muscle tissue with its characteristic:

    <p>Skeletal muscle = Voluntary movement Cardiac muscle = Involuntary control Smooth muscle = Irregularly-shaped cells Nervous tissue = Electrical signal generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scientific study of tissues called?

    <p>Histology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Connective tissue is primarily responsible for covering and protecting the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the four types of tissues found in the human body.

    <p>Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscular tissue, Nervous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epithelial tissue forms __________.

    <p>glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a type of cell junction?

    <p>Neuro junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following junctions with their functions:

    <p>Tight junctions = Form leakproof connections Adherens junctions = Resist pulling forces Desmosomes = Prevent tearing during stretching and heartbeats Hemidesmosomes = Anchor to the basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscular tissue is specialized for __________.

    <p>contracting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nervous tissue generates electrical signals called nerve impulses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the basement membrane?

    <p>To anchor epithelial tissues to connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All epithelial tissues are stratified.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium specializes in the filtration of body fluids?

    <p>Simple squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ciliated simple columnar epithelium protects against ________ and ________ loss.

    <p>invasion, fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of epithelial tissue with its function:

    <p>Simple cuboidal epithelium = Secretion and absorption Transitional epithelium = Stretching and storage Stratified squamous epithelium = Protection from abrasion Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium = Protection from invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a specialized function of glandular epithelium?

    <p>Secretion of hormones and fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endocrine glands secrete their products directly onto surfaces.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the protein channels that connect the membranes of adjacent cells?

    <p>Gap junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stratified columnar epithelium is specialized for protection from invasion and secretion of ________.

    <p>tears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of secretion with the corresponding gland type:

    <p>Exocrine glands = Secretes into ducts Endocrine glands = Secretes directly into blood Mixed glands = Includes both exocrine and endocrine functions Unicellular glands = Single-cell secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of epithelial tissue faces the inside of an organ?

    <p>Apical surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue has thick collagen bundles that provide great tensile strength?

    <p>Dense regular connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium provides protection from UV radiation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can you find transitional epithelium in the body?

    <p>Urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elastic connective tissue provides elasticity to organs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cuboidal epithelial cells are shaped like ________.

    <p>dice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue is found at the pubic symphysis?

    <p>Fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cells of bone tissue are called _________.

    <p>osteocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which merocrine glands release their products?

    <p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apocrine glands release their secretions by rupturing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage is most abundant in the body and provides a smooth surface at joints?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue is characterized by closely packed protein fibers and fewer cells?

    <p>dense connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Serous membranes line body cavities exposed to the external environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most abundant protein in the body, providing tensile strength, is called __________.

    <p>collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main layers of the cutaneous membrane?

    <p>Epidermis and dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood is a liquid connective tissue, consisting of blood ________ and blood cells.

    <p>plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the connective tissue type with its characteristic:

    <p>Loose connective tissue = Sparsely distributed cells and fibers Dense connective tissue = Packed with protein fibers Adipose tissue = Stores triglycerides Reticular connective tissue = Filters substances such as lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of multicellular exocrine gland?

    <p>Endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle tissue can generate heat and facilitate movement of bones?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excitable cells are responsible for detecting electrical stimuli and producing action potentials.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The extracellular matrix (ECM) in connective tissues is typically liquid, solid, or gel-like.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of immune cell that resides in connective tissues.

    <p>macrophage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of synovial membranes?

    <p>To lubricate joints and nourish cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In embryonic connective tissue, mesenchymal tissue contains ___________ in a semifluid ground substance.

    <p>mesenchymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mucous membranes line body cavities that are open to the ________ environment.

    <p>external</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes epithelial tissue from connective tissue under the microscope?

    <p>Epithelial tissue has a higher ratio of cells to ECM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cartilage to their characteristics:

    <p>Hyaline cartilage = Most abundant type and provides smooth surfaces at joints Fibrocartilage = Strongest type, lacks perichondrium Elastic cartilage = Provides strength and stretch, forms external ear and epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All glands classified as apocrine actually use the apocrine method for secretion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the principal cells found in lymph that help with immunity?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers provide elasticity to connective tissues?

    <p>elastic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____________ glands collect products in the cytosol and mature cells rupture to release their secretions.

    <p>holocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of secretion with its characteristic method:

    <p>Merocrine = Exocytosis Apocrine = Apical surface secretion Holocrine = Rupture of cells Sebaceous = Associated with hair follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of loose connective tissue acts as packing material for body cavities?

    <p>Areolar connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of Tissues

    • A tissue is a group of cells derived from a common progenitor that performs a coordinated function.
    • Four main types of human tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
    • The scientific study of tissues is called histology.

    General Functions of Human Tissues

    • Epithelial Tissue: Covers and protects body surfaces, lines hollow organs, forms glands, and facilitates exchange with the environment.
    • Connective Tissue: Protects, supports the body, connects organs, stores energy, and aids immunity.
    • Muscular Tissue: Comprised of specialized cells that contract for force generation and heat production.
    • Nervous Tissue: Detects stimuli and generates electrical signals (nerve impulses) to promote changes in muscle or gland actions.

    Cell Junctions

    • Cell junctions are regions of contact between adjacent cells.
    • Main types of cell junctions include:
      • Tight Junctions: Form leakproof connections; common in the stomach lining and bladder.
      • Adherens Junctions: Resist pulling forces, using transmembrane proteins and plaques connected to microfilaments.
      • Desmosomes: Connect adjacent cells to resist contraction, connecting to intermediate filaments.
      • Hemidesmosomes: Anchor cells to the basement membrane, connecting intermediate filaments to laminins.
      • Gap Junctions: Protein channels (connexons) allowing signal sharing between cells.

    Epithelial Tissue

    • General Functions: Protects from injury, secretes fluids or enzymes, absorbs nutrients.
    • Structure Descriptors: Defined by the number of layers (simple, stratified, pseudostratified) and cell shapes (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional).
    • Cell Polarization: Epithelial cells have distinct apical (exposed), basal (attached), and lateral (adjacent) surfaces.

    Specific Types of Epithelial Tissue

    • Simple Squamous Epithelium: Specialized for filtration and diffusion; includes endothelium and mesothelium.
    • Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: Secretion and absorption, found in kidney tubules and thyroid gland.
    • Non-ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium: Secretes mucus (goblet cells) and absorbs nutrients; contains microvilli.
    • Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium: Moves mucus for protection; found in bronchioles and oviducts.
    • Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Protects against abrasion, can be keratinized or non-keratinized.
    • Stratified Cuboidal and Columnar Epithelium: Rare, protects ducts or secretes tears; found in specific glands.
    • Transitional Epithelium: Changes shape based on stretch; lines urinary organs.

    Glandular Epithelium

    • Comprises exocrine (short-distance secretion) and endocrine (hormonal secretion into blood) glands.
    • Exocrine glands: Have ducts and include sweat and salivary glands; classified into unicellular (goblet cells) or multicellular.
    • Mechanisms:
      • Merocrine: Exocytosis
      • Apocrine: Secretion from the apical face
      • Holocrine: Rupture of cells for secretion

    Connective Tissues

    • Typically not on body surfaces; consist of extracellular matrix (ECM) and cells which include fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, and adipocytes.
    • Extracellular Matrix (ECM): Can be liquid, solid, or gel-like; contains protein fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular) and ground substance.
    • Fibroblasts: Most abundant, secrete ECM; collagen provides tensile strength while elastin offers elasticity.

    Types of Connective Tissues

    • Embryonic Connective:
      • Mesenchymal Tissue: Gives rise to various connective tissues.
      • Mucoid Tissue: Found in umbilical cord.
    • Mature Connective:
      • Loose Connective Tissue: Includes areolar, adipose, and reticular tissues.
      • Dense Connective Tissue: Comprised of dense regular, irregular, and elastic types.
    • Supporting Connective Tissue: Includes cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic) and bone.

    Blood and Liquid Connective Tissues

    • Blood: Contains plasma and blood cells; transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste.
    • Lymph: Lower protein content, varies by location, predominantly lymphocytes or dietary fats.

    Anatomical Membranes

    • Consist of epithelial plus connective tissues, including mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial membranes.
    • Mucous Membranes: Line cavities open to the exterior, protect against moisture loss and invaders.
    • Serous Membranes: Line internal cavities, secreting lubricating serous fluid.
    • Cutaneous Membranes: Form the skin, providing barrier and protection.
    • Synovial Membranes: Line joints and secrete synovial fluid for lubrication.

    Muscular and Nervous Tissues

    • Muscle Tissue: Unique contractile cells (myocytes) generate movement and heat; includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles.
    • Nervous Tissue: Contains neurons that conduct impulses and glial cells that support neurons.### Skeletal Muscle Tissue
    • Long, multinucleate fibers displaying striations.
    • Responsible for voluntary movements, posture maintenance, and heat generation.
    • Connects to bones through tendons.

    Cardiac Muscle Tissue

    • Features branched fibers with a single nucleus and striations.
    • Contains gap junctions that facilitate rapid electrical signal conduction.
    • Functions involuntarily and collectively forms the myocardium, or heart wall.

    Smooth Muscle Tissue

    • Composed of long, non-striated fibers within irregularly-shaped cells, each containing a single nucleus.
    • Cells have a thickened middle and are interconnected by gap junctions to enable involuntary muscle contractions.
    • Essential for peristalsis, airway constriction, and contractions of the urinary bladder and gallbladder.

    Nervous Tissue

    • Comprises two main types of cells:
      • Neurons, which consist of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon; they generate electrical signals or nerve impulses.
      • Neuroglia, which do not generate impulses but provide support, including synthesizing myelin, a coating that enhances the speed of electrical signal transmission in neuronal axons.

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    Explore the essential functions of the basement membrane and the role of gap junctions in cellular communication. This quiz covers the structural components of these features and their significance in histology. Test your knowledge of epithelial tissues and intercellular connections.

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