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Questions and Answers
What type of protein is known to extend along the whole thickness of the cell membrane?
What type of protein is known to extend along the whole thickness of the cell membrane?
Which component of the cell membrane is responsible for forming the glycocalyx?
Which component of the cell membrane is responsible for forming the glycocalyx?
What is the primary function of the cell coat in the cell membrane?
What is the primary function of the cell coat in the cell membrane?
Which transport mechanism is utilized for the entry of solid substances into the cell?
Which transport mechanism is utilized for the entry of solid substances into the cell?
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How do intrinsic proteins differ from extrinsic proteins in the cell membrane?
How do intrinsic proteins differ from extrinsic proteins in the cell membrane?
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What is an example of active transport in the cell membrane?
What is an example of active transport in the cell membrane?
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What type of vesicular transport involves substances exiting the cell?
What type of vesicular transport involves substances exiting the cell?
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Which cellular structure is responsible for respiration and energy production?
Which cellular structure is responsible for respiration and energy production?
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What is the primary focus of histology as a subject?
What is the primary focus of histology as a subject?
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Which type of microscope offers the highest level of resolution power?
Which type of microscope offers the highest level of resolution power?
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Which stain is specifically used to stain living structures inside a living animal?
Which stain is specifically used to stain living structures inside a living animal?
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What type of stain can result in a new color that differs from its original color due to a chemical reaction?
What type of stain can result in a new color that differs from its original color due to a chemical reaction?
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Which of the following statements best describes the resolution power of the eye compared to light and electron microscopes?
Which of the following statements best describes the resolution power of the eye compared to light and electron microscopes?
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What is the maximum magnification power of a light microscope?
What is the maximum magnification power of a light microscope?
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Which acidic stain is commonly used in histology for staining basic structures?
Which acidic stain is commonly used in histology for staining basic structures?
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What distinguishes a supravital stain from a vital stain?
What distinguishes a supravital stain from a vital stain?
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What is the primary role of mitochondria in the cell?
What is the primary role of mitochondria in the cell?
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Which component is found in the mitochondrial matrix?
Which component is found in the mitochondrial matrix?
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How is the outer membrane of mitochondria described?
How is the outer membrane of mitochondria described?
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What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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What type of cells primarily contain smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What type of cells primarily contain smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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Which of the following accurately describes the rough endoplasmic reticulum under light microscopy?
Which of the following accurately describes the rough endoplasmic reticulum under light microscopy?
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Which statement correctly identifies a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Which statement correctly identifies a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the shape of a mitochondrion as seen under an electron microscope?
What is the shape of a mitochondrion as seen under an electron microscope?
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What is a primary function of stratified epithelium?
What is a primary function of stratified epithelium?
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Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium commonly found?
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium commonly found?
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Which of the following features distinguishes stratified columnar epithelium from other types?
Which of the following features distinguishes stratified columnar epithelium from other types?
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Which site is NOT associated with stratified columnar epithelium?
Which site is NOT associated with stratified columnar epithelium?
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What is a common characteristic of stratified squamous epithelium?
What is a common characteristic of stratified squamous epithelium?
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What is the primary function of stratified epithelium?
What is the primary function of stratified epithelium?
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Which type of epithelium appears to be layered due to nuclei being present at different levels?
Which type of epithelium appears to be layered due to nuclei being present at different levels?
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Where in the human body would you expect to find pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium?
Where in the human body would you expect to find pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium?
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What type of epithelium is characterized by more than one layer, with the basal layer resting on the basement membrane?
What type of epithelium is characterized by more than one layer, with the basal layer resting on the basement membrane?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of stratified epithelium?
Which of the following is NOT a type of stratified epithelium?
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Which of the following locations is associated with pseudostratified columnar non-ciliated epithelium?
Which of the following locations is associated with pseudostratified columnar non-ciliated epithelium?
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What is a distinguishing feature of pseudostratified epithelium compared to other epithelial types?
What is a distinguishing feature of pseudostratified epithelium compared to other epithelial types?
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Which epithelium type would be found in the renal convoluted tubules?
Which epithelium type would be found in the renal convoluted tubules?
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Study Notes
Histology
- The study of the microscopic structure of normal tissue.
- Focuses on understanding the microanatomy of cells, tissues, and organs.
- Connects structure with function.
Microscopy
- Light Microscopy (LM):
- Resolution power: 0.2 um
- Maximum magnification: x1000
- Electron Microscopy (EM):
- Resolution power: 0.2 nm
- Maximum magnification: x100,000
Cell Stains
- Cells are colorless & require staining for visualization under a light microscope.
- Acidic Stains:
- Example: Eosin
- Stains basic structures (acidophilic).
- Basic Stains:
- Example: Hematoxylin
- Stains acidic structures (basophilic).
- Neutral Stains:
- Example: Leishman's stain
- Combination of acidic & basic stains, used for blood cells.
- Vital Stains:
- Stain living structures within a living animal.
- Example: Trypan blue or India ink for phagocytic cells.
- Supravital Stains:
- Stain living cells outside a living animal.
- Example: Brilliant Cresyl blue for reticulocytes (immature RBCs).
- Metachromatic Stains:
- Produce a new color after staining.
- Example: Toluidine blue stains mast cell granules violet.
- Metachromasia refers to the change in the original color of the stain.
Cell Membrane
- Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with:
- Intrinsic Proteins:
- Integral proteins that span the membrane.
- Act as pathways for water-soluble substances.
- Extrinsic Proteins:
- Small molecules attached to the membrane surface.
- Form a non-continuous layer.
- Intrinsic Proteins:
- Carbohydrate Component:
- Oligosaccharides attached to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids).
- Form the cell coat or glycocalyx.
- Contains cell receptors for drugs, hormones, and bacteria.
Cell Membrane Functions
- Maintains the internal composition of the cell.
- Cell coat participates in cell adhesion, recognition, protection, and immunity.
- Allows transport of substances through the membrane:
- Passive diffusion: Gases and water.
- Facilitated diffusion: Glucose.
- Active transport: Sodium pumps.
- Selective permeability: Through receptors.
- Bulk transport (vesicular transport): Macromolecules enter/leave the cell through vesicles.
Vesicular Transport
- Exocytosis: Substances leave the cell.
- Endocytosis: Substances enter the cell.
- Phagocytosis: Solid substances enter the cell.
- Pinocytosis: Fluid enters the cell.
Mitochondria
- Membranous cell organelle.
- "Powerhouse of the cell."
- Responsible for cell respiration and energy production (ATP).
- Number varies with cell activity (e.g., liver cells contain 1000-2000/cell).
- Present in all cells except RBCs.
- Located at sites of high activity (e.g., apical part of ciliated cells).
- LM: Appear as granules, rods, or filaments.
- EM:
- Vesicle shaped, oval or rounded.
- Double membranes, separated by an inter-membranous space.
- Inner membrane forms folds called cristae.
- Mitochondrial matrix contains lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, Ca, Mg, DNA, and RNA.
- Oxidative enzymes are attached to the cristae.
Mitochondria Functions
- Energy production (ATP).
- Can form their own proteins and divide due to the presence of DNA and RNA.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Membranous network within the cytoplasm formed of flattened communicating vesicles and tubules.
- Two Types:
- Rough (granular) ER:
- Contains ribosomes.
- Site of protein synthesis.
- Smooth (agranular) ER:
- Lacks ribosomes.
- Involved in lipid synthesis, steroid hormone synthesis, glycogen formation and storage, and muscle contraction (through Ca pumps).
- Rough (granular) ER:
Epithelial Tissue
- Forms sheets that cover and line body surfaces.
- Characterized by:
- Closely packed cells.
- Little intercellular substance.
- Apical surface: Faces free space.
- Basal surface: Anchored to a basement membrane (B.M.).
- Functions:
- Protection
- Absorption
- Secretion
- Excretion
- Filtration
- Diffusion
- Sensory reception
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
- Classification is based on the number of cell layers and the shape of the surface cells.
- Simple Epithelium:
- One cell layer.
- Stratified Epithelium:
- Multiple cell layers.
Simple Epithelium Types
- Simple Squamous Epithelium:
- Flattened cells with centrally located nuclei.
- Function: Diffusion, filtration, and secretion.
- Sites:
- Lining of blood vessels (endothelium).
- Lining of body cavities (mesothelium).
- Alveoli of lungs.
- Glomerular capsule of kidneys.
- Simple Cuboidal Epithelium:
- Cube-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei.
- Function: Secretion, absorption, and protection.
- Sites:
- Kidney tubules.
- Small ducts of glands.
- Thyroid follicles.
- Simple Columnar Epithelium:
- Tall, column-shaped cells with oval nuclei.
- Function: Absorption, secretion, and protection.
- Sites:
- Lining of the stomach and intestines.
- Gallbladder.
- Uterine tubes.
- Simple Columnar Ciliated Epithelium:
- Tall, column-shaped cells with cilia on the apical surface.
- Function: Movement of substances.
- Sites:
- Trachea.
- Uterine tubes.
- Simple Columnar Non-ciliated Epithelium:
- Tall, column-shaped cells without cilia.
- Function: Secretion and absorption.
- Sites:
- Stomach.
- Rectum.
- Gallbladder.
- Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium:
- All cells rest on the B.M., but nuclei are at different levels, giving the illusion of multiple layers.
- Function: Secretion and movement of substances.
- Sites:
- Male reproductive system (vas deferens, epididymis).
- Respiratory system (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi).
Stratified Epithelium Types
- Stratified Squamous Epithelium:
- Multiple layers of cells, with flattened cells on the apical surface.
- Functions: Protection.
- Sites:
- Skin (epidermis).
- Oral cavity.
- Oesophagus.
- External ear.
- Cornea.
- Nasal orifices.
- Transitional Epithelium (Stratified Cuboidal):
- Multiple layers of cells with a capacity for stretching.
- Function: Protection and accommodation (distensibility).
- Sites:
- Urinary bladder.
- Ureters.
- Some parts of the urethra.
- Renal calyces.
- Renal pelvis.
- Stratified Columnar Epithelium:
- Few layers, with column-shaped cells on the apical surface.
- Function: Protection.
- Sites:
- Fetal esophagus (ciliated).
- Recto-anal junction.
- Large ducts of glands.
- Male urethra (penile portion).
- Stratified Cubical Epithelium:
- Rare type, with few layers of cubical cells.
- Sites:
- Ducts of sweat glands.
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Description
Explore the intricate details of histology, focusing on the microscopic structure of tissues and the tools used for visualization. This quiz covers light and electron microscopy techniques, various types of cell stains, and their applications in understanding cellular structures. Test your knowledge on how these components connect structure with function.
