Histology and Microscopy Overview
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Histology and Microscopy Overview

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Questions and Answers

What type of protein is known to extend along the whole thickness of the cell membrane?

  • Intrinsic protein (correct)
  • Glycoprotein
  • Glycolipid
  • Extrinsic protein
  • Which component of the cell membrane is responsible for forming the glycocalyx?

  • Glycolipids and glycoproteins (correct)
  • Phospholipids
  • Integral proteins
  • Cholesterol
  • What is the primary function of the cell coat in the cell membrane?

  • To enable cell division
  • To protect the cell from pathogens (correct)
  • To facilitate cellular respiration
  • To regulate protein synthesis
  • Which transport mechanism is utilized for the entry of solid substances into the cell?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do intrinsic proteins differ from extrinsic proteins in the cell membrane?

    <p>Intrinsic proteins span the whole membrane's thickness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of active transport in the cell membrane?

    <p>Na+ pumps moving sodium outside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vesicular transport involves substances exiting the cell?

    <p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular structure is responsible for respiration and energy production?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of histology as a subject?

    <p>The microscopical structure of normal tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microscope offers the highest level of resolution power?

    <p>Electron microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stain is specifically used to stain living structures inside a living animal?

    <p>Vital stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stain can result in a new color that differs from its original color due to a chemical reaction?

    <p>Metachromatic stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the resolution power of the eye compared to light and electron microscopes?

    <p>Both light and electron microscopes provide better resolution than the eye.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum magnification power of a light microscope?

    <p>X1000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which acidic stain is commonly used in histology for staining basic structures?

    <p>Eosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a supravital stain from a vital stain?

    <p>Supravital stains are used outside a living organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mitochondria in the cell?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is found in the mitochondrial matrix?

    <p>RNA and DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the outer membrane of mitochondria described?

    <p>Smooth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Presence of ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells primarily contain smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Liver cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the rough endoplasmic reticulum under light microscopy?

    <p>It appears basophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly identifies a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Calcium storage and release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of a mitochondrion as seen under an electron microscope?

    <p>Rounded or oval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of stratified epithelium?

    <p>Protection against abrasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium commonly found?

    <p>Ducts of sweat glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features distinguishes stratified columnar epithelium from other types?

    <p>Top layer comprised of columnar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which site is NOT associated with stratified columnar epithelium?

    <p>Fetal esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of stratified squamous epithelium?

    <p>It provides a protective barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of stratified epithelium?

    <p>Protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium appears to be layered due to nuclei being present at different levels?

    <p>Pseudostratified columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the human body would you expect to find pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is characterized by more than one layer, with the basal layer resting on the basement membrane?

    <p>Stratified epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of stratified epithelium?

    <p>Simple columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following locations is associated with pseudostratified columnar non-ciliated epithelium?

    <p>Male genital system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of pseudostratified epithelium compared to other epithelial types?

    <p>Appearance of multiple layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epithelium type would be found in the renal convoluted tubules?

    <p>Simple cuboidal epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Histology

    • The study of the microscopic structure of normal tissue.
    • Focuses on understanding the microanatomy of cells, tissues, and organs.
    • Connects structure with function.

    Microscopy

    • Light Microscopy (LM):
      • Resolution power: 0.2 um
      • Maximum magnification: x1000
    • Electron Microscopy (EM):
      • Resolution power: 0.2 nm
      • Maximum magnification: x100,000

    Cell Stains

    • Cells are colorless & require staining for visualization under a light microscope.
    • Acidic Stains:
      • Example: Eosin
      • Stains basic structures (acidophilic).
    • Basic Stains:
      • Example: Hematoxylin
      • Stains acidic structures (basophilic).
    • Neutral Stains:
      • Example: Leishman's stain
      • Combination of acidic & basic stains, used for blood cells.
    • Vital Stains:
      • Stain living structures within a living animal.
      • Example: Trypan blue or India ink for phagocytic cells.
    • Supravital Stains:
      • Stain living cells outside a living animal.
      • Example: Brilliant Cresyl blue for reticulocytes (immature RBCs).
    • Metachromatic Stains:
      • Produce a new color after staining.
      • Example: Toluidine blue stains mast cell granules violet.
      • Metachromasia refers to the change in the original color of the stain.

    Cell Membrane

    • Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with:
      • Intrinsic Proteins:
        • Integral proteins that span the membrane.
        • Act as pathways for water-soluble substances.
      • Extrinsic Proteins:
        • Small molecules attached to the membrane surface.
        • Form a non-continuous layer.
    • Carbohydrate Component:
      • Oligosaccharides attached to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids).
      • Form the cell coat or glycocalyx.
      • Contains cell receptors for drugs, hormones, and bacteria.

    Cell Membrane Functions

    • Maintains the internal composition of the cell.
    • Cell coat participates in cell adhesion, recognition, protection, and immunity.
    • Allows transport of substances through the membrane:
      • Passive diffusion: Gases and water.
      • Facilitated diffusion: Glucose.
      • Active transport: Sodium pumps.
      • Selective permeability: Through receptors.
      • Bulk transport (vesicular transport): Macromolecules enter/leave the cell through vesicles.

    Vesicular Transport

    • Exocytosis: Substances leave the cell.
    • Endocytosis: Substances enter the cell.
    • Phagocytosis: Solid substances enter the cell.
    • Pinocytosis: Fluid enters the cell.

    Mitochondria

    • Membranous cell organelle.
    • "Powerhouse of the cell."
    • Responsible for cell respiration and energy production (ATP).
    • Number varies with cell activity (e.g., liver cells contain 1000-2000/cell).
    • Present in all cells except RBCs.
    • Located at sites of high activity (e.g., apical part of ciliated cells).
    • LM: Appear as granules, rods, or filaments.
    • EM:
      • Vesicle shaped, oval or rounded.
      • Double membranes, separated by an inter-membranous space.
      • Inner membrane forms folds called cristae.
      • Mitochondrial matrix contains lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, Ca, Mg, DNA, and RNA.
      • Oxidative enzymes are attached to the cristae.

    Mitochondria Functions

    • Energy production (ATP).
    • Can form their own proteins and divide due to the presence of DNA and RNA.

    Endoplasmic Reticulum

    • Membranous network within the cytoplasm formed of flattened communicating vesicles and tubules.
    • Two Types:
      • Rough (granular) ER:
        • Contains ribosomes.
        • Site of protein synthesis.
      • Smooth (agranular) ER:
        • Lacks ribosomes.
        • Involved in lipid synthesis, steroid hormone synthesis, glycogen formation and storage, and muscle contraction (through Ca pumps).

    Epithelial Tissue

    • Forms sheets that cover and line body surfaces.
    • Characterized by:
      • Closely packed cells.
      • Little intercellular substance.
      • Apical surface: Faces free space.
      • Basal surface: Anchored to a basement membrane (B.M.).
    • Functions:
      • Protection
      • Absorption
      • Secretion
      • Excretion
      • Filtration
      • Diffusion
      • Sensory reception

    Classification of Epithelial Tissue

    • Classification is based on the number of cell layers and the shape of the surface cells.
    • Simple Epithelium:
      • One cell layer.
    • Stratified Epithelium:
      • Multiple cell layers.

    Simple Epithelium Types

    • Simple Squamous Epithelium:
      • Flattened cells with centrally located nuclei.
      • Function: Diffusion, filtration, and secretion.
      • Sites:
        • Lining of blood vessels (endothelium).
        • Lining of body cavities (mesothelium).
        • Alveoli of lungs.
        • Glomerular capsule of kidneys.
    • Simple Cuboidal Epithelium:
      • Cube-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei.
      • Function: Secretion, absorption, and protection.
      • Sites:
        • Kidney tubules.
        • Small ducts of glands.
        • Thyroid follicles.
    • Simple Columnar Epithelium:
      • Tall, column-shaped cells with oval nuclei.
      • Function: Absorption, secretion, and protection.
      • Sites:
        • Lining of the stomach and intestines.
        • Gallbladder.
        • Uterine tubes.
    • Simple Columnar Ciliated Epithelium:
      • Tall, column-shaped cells with cilia on the apical surface.
      • Function: Movement of substances.
      • Sites:
        • Trachea.
        • Uterine tubes.
    • Simple Columnar Non-ciliated Epithelium:
      • Tall, column-shaped cells without cilia.
      • Function: Secretion and absorption.
      • Sites:
        • Stomach.
        • Rectum.
        • Gallbladder.
    • Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium:
      • All cells rest on the B.M., but nuclei are at different levels, giving the illusion of multiple layers.
      • Function: Secretion and movement of substances.
      • Sites:
        • Male reproductive system (vas deferens, epididymis).
        • Respiratory system (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi).

    Stratified Epithelium Types

    • Stratified Squamous Epithelium:
      • Multiple layers of cells, with flattened cells on the apical surface.
      • Functions: Protection.
      • Sites:
        • Skin (epidermis).
        • Oral cavity.
        • Oesophagus.
        • External ear.
        • Cornea.
        • Nasal orifices.
    • Transitional Epithelium (Stratified Cuboidal):
      • Multiple layers of cells with a capacity for stretching.
      • Function: Protection and accommodation (distensibility).
      • Sites:
        • Urinary bladder.
        • Ureters.
        • Some parts of the urethra.
        • Renal calyces.
        • Renal pelvis.
    • Stratified Columnar Epithelium:
      • Few layers, with column-shaped cells on the apical surface.
      • Function: Protection.
      • Sites:
        • Fetal esophagus (ciliated).
        • Recto-anal junction.
        • Large ducts of glands.
        • Male urethra (penile portion).
    • Stratified Cubical Epithelium:
      • Rare type, with few layers of cubical cells.
      • Sites:
        • Ducts of sweat glands.

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