Histological Technique Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the ideal size for tissue after grossing?

30mm x 15mm x 5mm

20mm x 15mm x 5mm (correct)

25mm x 20mm x 10mm

15mm x 10mm x 5mm

Which of the following steps is NOT part of the grossing process?

Staining of tissue samples (correct)

Avoid specimen trauma

Prepare thin slices

Check fixation status

What is the main purpose of decalcification?

To prepare tissue for staining

To enhance tissue color

To remove Calcium ions from tissue (correct)

To fix the tissue samples

Which of the following is a preferred fixation method for decalcification?

10% Formalin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following agents is commonly used for decalcification?

Acetic Acid Signup and view all the answers

What is a criterion for a good decalcifying agent?

Absence of damage to tissue cells Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'grossing' refer to in histopathology?

Investigating and measuring the specimen Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue is primarily selected for the decalcification process?

Bone and calcified tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the specimen receiving room in a Histopathology Lab?

To receive samples safely and securely Signup and view all the answers

Which step in the tissue preparation process involves using a chemical to preserve the tissue structure?

Fixation Signup and view all the answers

What should be checked during the receiving of biopsy specimens?

Whether it is in a Fixative Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of improper labeling of specimens in histopathological techniques?

Incorrect diagnosis and potential danger to the patient Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for rejecting a specimen?

Presence of patient details on both forms Signup and view all the answers

During the registration of specimens, which information is typically NOT recorded?

Patient’s Social Security Number Signup and view all the answers

What step follows the 'Clearing' process in the preparation of tissue for microscopy?

Impregnation Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the physical examination of large tissue specimens?

It requires documentation of dimensions and characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind the electrolytic method of decalcification by electrophoresis?

Attracting Ca++ ions to a negative electrode. Signup and view all the answers

What is one method of chemical neutralization during the decalcification process?

Soaking in saturated lithium carbonate solution. Signup and view all the answers

Why is thorough washing of tissue essential before processing?

To remove any acidic or alkaline residues. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is the most reliable for determining the end-point of decalcification?

Radiography of the tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What does the bubble test (CO2 method) indicate during decalcification?

Reaction of acids with calcium carbonate in bone. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT recommended for determining the end-point of decalcification?

Needling to feel for calcium deposits. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding physical tests for determining decalcification end-point?

They can produce damage and artefacts in tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when decalcified tissues are exposed to decalcifying fluids for too long?

Adverse effects on the tissue structure. Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using Zenker's Fluid?

It needs to be preserved in a nickel alloy bottle. Signup and view all the answers

Which fixative is known for its ability to rapidly penetrate tissues?

Bouin’s Fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of using Helly’s Fluid?

It preserves nuclear structures effectively. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fixatives is known to lyse red blood cells?

Bouin’s Fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of adding glacial acetic acid to Zenker's Fluid before use?

To initiate the fixation process. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of tissue fixation in histopathology?

To preserve the cell's original form Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended volume of fixative relative to the volume of tissue for proper fixation?

Which method of fixation involves immersing tissue in a fixative?

Immersion Fixation Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum temperature at which fixation can be performed in case of emergency?

60 degrees C Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a chemical method of fixation?

Heat Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is primarily used for blood smears during fixation?

Spray Fixation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common duration required for the fixation process?

12 to 24 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the outcomes of proper fixation in histopathology?

Devitalization of infectious agents Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Histopathology Overview

Histopathological Technique studies tissue structures in diseases.
Specimens originate from surgeries, biopsies, and autopsies in various forms.

Tissue Preparation Steps

Receiving, grossing, decalcification (if necessary), fixation, dehydration, clearing, impregnation, blocking, section cutting, staining, and mounting are critical processes for microscopy.

Specimen Receiving Room

Ensures safe and secure intake of samples.
Biopsy specimens must be checked for fixatives, tissue presence, patient info, and physical attributes.

Steps for Receiving Biopsy Specimens

Verify presence of fixative and tissue.
Document patient details (name, age, sex, diagnosis) in a clinical report book.
Proper labeling of specimens is essential to avoid diagnosis errors.

Criteria for Rejecting Specimens

Inconsistent patient details between requisition and specimen labels.
Unspecified site/nature of specimen.
Incorrect containers or lack of appropriate fixatives.
Missing patient history or essential content in blocks/slides.

Types of Specimens

Surgical Biopsy, Needle Biopsy, Endoscopy Biopsy, Incision Biopsy, Excision Biopsy, Punch Biopsy, Cone Biopsy.

Grossing Techniques

Grossing involves inspecting, measuring, and sectioning tissue samples.
Ideal size for processing is approximately 20mm x 15mm x 5mm.

Requirements for Grossing

Necessary tools include various scissors, forceps, scalpels, weighing scales, cassettes, and disinfectants.

Decalcification Process

Essential for removing calcium ions from calcified tissues to allow proper sectioning.
Must avoid damage to tissue cells and fibers.

Good Decalcifying Agents Characteristics

Must ensure complete calcium removal without damaging tissue.
Should not impair staining and offer reasonable decalcification speed.

Decalcification Procedure

Involves selection, fixation, decalcification, neutralization of acids, and thorough washing.

Fixation Overview

Fixation preserves tissue morphology; critical for accurate histopathological preparation.
Tissues must be fixed immediately post-surgery to prevent autolysis or putrefaction.

Fixative Quantity and Process

Fixative volume must be 15-20 times that of the tissue; fixation takes 12-24 hours at room temperature.

Purposes of Fixation

Prevents autolysis and putrefaction.
Preserves tissue for future studies and enhances staining.

Common Fixatives

Aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde), protein denaturants (e.g., alcohol), oxidizing agents (e.g., osmium tetroxide).
Various fixation techniques include immersion, vapor, microwave, and perfusion.

Specific Fixatives and Their Characteristics

Formalin (10%): Cheap, preserves most tissues well, but can be allergenic.
Zenker’s Fluid: Excellent nuclear preservation, but penetrates minimally and is expensive.
Bouin’s Fluid: Rapid penetration; preserves glycogen but risks red cell lysis if overexposed.
Helly’s Fluid: Preserves nuclear structures, facilitating staining but has limited penetration.

Overview of Additional Fixatives

Baker’s Solution, Orth's fluid, Carnoy’s fluid also used in various scenarios for tissue fixation.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential steps involved in histopathological techniques, focusing on how tissue specimens are prepared for microscopy. Topics include specimen receiving, grossing, decalcification, fixation, and dehydration. Understanding these techniques is crucial for students in biology and medical fields.