Hiperkalemia e Su Tratamento

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Questions and Answers

Qual effetto ha l'insulina sul livello di K+ nel sangue?

Aumenta il livello di K+ nel sangue
Rende il K+ più disponibile per le cellule
Non ha effetto sul K+ nel sangue
Riduce il livello di K+ nel sangue (correct)

Qual è la funzione principale del bicarbonato di sodio in caso di iperkaliemia?

Stimolare la produzione di insulina
Ridurre il livello di glucosio nel sangue
Aumentare il livello di K+ nel sangue
Neutralizzare l'acidosi (correct)

Quale farmaco è un agonista beta-2 che aiuta a ridurre i livelli di K+ nel sangue?

Furosemide
Albuterolo (correct)
Bicarbonato di sodio
Kayexalate

Come il Kayexalate riduce i livelli di K+ nel corpo?

Scambiando Na+ con K+ nel tratto intestinale (D) Signup and view all the answers

Quale rimedio serve per aumentare l'escrezione di K+ nei pazienti con funzione renale normale?

Furosemide (D) Signup and view all the answers

Quale assertiones sobre le proportion del liquido corporal es correcte?

Le liquido corporal in adultos es inter 50-70% del peso corporal. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Quale de iste es un exemplo de un electrolyt importante in le liquido extracellular?

Sodium (D) Signup and view all the answers

Quale functiones es associate con electrolytes?

Promotione de excitamento musculare e nervose. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Quale mechanism es describe per le movimento de liquido per filtration?

Movement de liquido per pression hydrostatic. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Quale assertiones in relation al equilibrio de acido-base es incorrecte?

Le electrolytes non influent le equilibrio acid-base. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Quale duo electrolytes es importante in le liquido intracellular?

Potassium e phosphate (B) Signup and view all the answers

Quale statement reflecte le capacitate del plasma in comparar al liquido interstitial?

Le plasma ha un major concentration de proteina. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Quale es un effecto del incremento de adipositate corporelle sur le proportion de liquido corporelle?

Le proportion de liquido corporelle diminui. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le treatment recommendate in casos acute de hypocalcemia?

Intravenous calcium chloride o calcium gluconate (C) Signup and view all the answers

Quo causa le hypocalcemia in relation al respresentation de sodium intra cellular?

Hypocalcemia provoca un influx facile de sodium (C) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le sign caracteristic de tetany legate a hypocalcemia?

Paresthesia in extremitates (C) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le causa principal de hypercalcemia?

Destruction de osse con liberate de calcium (D) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le medication recommandate pro tratar hypercalcemia?

Calcitonin (C) Signup and view all the answers

Quo resulta de un deficiency de magnesium?

Diminution de contractilitate musculare (B) Signup and view all the answers

Quo es un symptom de hyperphosphatemia?

Calcification in tissues (A) Signup and view all the answers

Quo es le principal metodo de treatment pro hypophosphatemia?

Suplementation con alimentos ric in phosphorus (C) Signup and view all the answers

Quo causa le aumentation de ionized calcium in le condition de acidosis?

Reduction de protein binding (D) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un treatment pro hypermagnesemia?

Calcium chloride intravenously (B) Signup and view all the answers

Como se manifesta un excess de calcium in le organismo?

Constipation e increased reflectivity (D) Signup and view all the answers

Quo es le consequenza principal de un deficit de calcium in le sanguine?

Tetany e neuromuscular irritability (A) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un effetto secunde possibile de calcium supplementation in pacientes con digitalis?

Increase in digitalis toxicity (B) Signup and view all the answers

Quo causa le corrosion in le musculos e nervos durante hypercalcemia?

Increased calcium impact in membranas (C) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le definition de osmosis?

Movimento de particulas de un concentration basse a un concentration alte. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le effecto de la pression oncotica in le corpo?

Attrarre le agua de le interstitium al sanguine. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un causa commune de hypovolemia?

Vomitus severe e diarrhoea. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le resultato de un aumento del fluidos intra-cellulares?

Edema cerebral. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Le cual de le sequente describe un metodo active de transporte?

Transporto de sodio e potassium per le pompa Na-K. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le rango normal de concentrazione de sodio in sanguine?

135-145 mEq/L (C) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le consequence de un deficit de sodio in le corpo?

Hyponatremia. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le function del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona?

Stimular le reabsorption de sodio e fluidos. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un symptom de hypervolemia?

Pulmonary edema. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le termino pro le condition de inadequato fluidos in le corpo?

Hypovolemia. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un principal causa de edema?

Fallimento de la funzione renal. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le effecto de aldosterone in le corpo?

Augmentare le reabsorption de sodio. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le resultato de un aumento in concentratio de potassio?

Hyperkalemia. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le definition de hypernatremia?

Un estado donde le natrium es plus que 145mEq/L (D) Signup and view all the answers

Qual symptom es associate con hypernatremia?

Anxiety e delirium (A) Signup and view all the answers

Quo resulta de un treatment infelice de hypernatremia?

Cerebroedema (D) Signup and view all the answers

Quo es le causa commun de hypokalemia?

Aldosterone excess (C) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le normal range pro potassium in le sanguine?

3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L (A) Signup and view all the answers

Quo describe le condition de hyperkalemia?

Potassium in le sanguine es plus que 5.5mEq/L (B) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un treatment pro hypokalemia?

Supplementation de potassium (C) Signup and view all the answers

Quo resulta de un abnorme concentration de potassium in le sanguine?

Alteration del EKG (A) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un posible causa de hyperkalemia?

Acidosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Quo describe le effetos de aldosterone in relation al potassium?

Aldosterone augmente le excretion de potassium (B) Signup and view all the answers

Quo indica un EKG abnormal in un patiente con hyperkalemia?

T wave elevation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Quo es le consequence de un alto livello de potassium in le sanguine?

Diminution de la contractilitate cardiac (B) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un indicazione de un niveu de potassium bass in le corpore?

Diminution del reflexos (A) Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un approccio treatment pro patients con hyperkalemia?

Calcium gluconate administration (B) Signup and view all the answers

Qual subtype de solution es preferite per tratar hypernatremia causate per perdite de fluides?

0.2% o 0.45% NaCl (D) Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

### Hyperkalemia

Hiperkalemia es un condition in que le concentration de potassio in le sanguine es troppo alte (super 5.5 mEq/L).
Le causas del hiperkalemia include:
- Reducite excretion renal de potassio, como in insufficiencia renal, acidose, etc.
- Liberation excessiv de potassio del cellulas, como in trauma, combustiones, e lysis cellular.
- Administration excessiv de solutiones intravenose que contine potassio.
Le physiopathologia del hiperkalemia involve le alteration del potential de membrana cellular, resultante in un reducite excitabilitate neural e muscular.
Le symptomas del hiperkalemia include:
- Cardiovascular effects like ECG changes, arrhythmias and cardiac arrest.
- Neuromuscular effects like paresthesias, weakness, and paralysis.
- Gastrointestinal effects like nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramping.

### Treating Hyperkalemia

Le tractamento del hiperkalemia es diregite a reducer le concentration de potassio in le sanguine e restaurar le function cardiovascular normal.
Le tractamentos include: - Administration de calcium gluconate pro reducer le effectos del hyperkalemia sur le corde. - Administration de beta-2 agonist pro movar potassio inside le cellulas. - Administration de insulino e glucose pro movar potassio inside le cellulas. - Administration de resinas de intercambio ionic (Kayexalate) pro remover potassio del corpore per le intestinos. - Dialysis (peritoneal o hemodialys) pro remover potassio del corpore si altere tractamentos es inefficace. - Restriction del consumo de potassio per dieto. - Monitorar le electrocardiograma (ECG) pro detectar qualunque irregularitate in le freqentia cardiac.
Le nursing considerations include le administration de medicamentos prescribite, monitoring del ECG, assessment del status del paciente, e enseignement del paciente sur le dieta e le medicamentos.

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