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Questions and Answers
Which dialects were literature produced in before the 15th century CE?
Which dialects were literature produced in before the 15th century CE?
- Braj, Bundeli, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Chhattisgarhi
- Marwari, Magahi, Bhojpuri, Chhattisgarhi
- Khariboli, Braj, Bundeli, Awadhi, Kannauji (correct)
- Khariboli, Marwari, Kannauji, Magahi
Which register of Hindustani is sometimes regarded as the only basis of modern literature in Hindi from the 20th century?
Which register of Hindustani is sometimes regarded as the only basis of modern literature in Hindi from the 20th century?
- Modern Standard Hindi (correct)
- Bundeli
- Braj
- Awadhi
Who is considered one of the first poets in the history of Hindi literature?
Who is considered one of the first poets in the history of Hindi literature?
- Kannauj
- Chand Bardai (correct)
- Prithviraj Chauhan
- Delhi
In which script is Modern Standard Hindi written?
In which script is Modern Standard Hindi written?
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During which period was the literature of Adi kal developed?
During which period was the literature of Adi kal developed?
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Study Notes
Hindi Literature Overview
- Hindi literature encompasses works written in various Hindi languages, each with its own writing system.
- Earliest forms of Hindi literature can be traced back to Apabhraṃśa poetry, including languages like Awadhi, Magadhi, Ardhamagadhi, and Marwari.
Forms of Hindi Literature
- Hindi literature is composed in three broad styles:
- गद्य (Gadya) - prose
- पद्य (Padya) - poetry
- चम्प्पू (Campū) - Prosimetrum (a mix of prose and poetry)
Historical Development and Genres
- Hindi literature can be broadly classified into five prominent forms or genres based on the date of production.
- The five genres are:
Ādi Kāl /Vīr-Gāthā Kāl (Prior to & Including 14th century CE)
- Characterized by poems extolling brave warriors
Bhakti Kāl (14th–18th century CE)
- Dominated by poems of devotion, influenced by the Bhakti Movement
Rīti Kāl /Śṛṅgār Kāl (18th–20th century CE)
- Marked by poems of romance, characterized by high ornamentalism
Ādhunik Kāl (1850 CE onwards)
- Literally means Modern literature, marking a new era in Hindi literature
Nayvottar Kāl (1980 CE onwards)
- Literally means Post-Modern literature, representing a more contemporary style
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