Hindi Grammar Overview

Parts of Speech:
- Nouns (संज्ञा)
- Pronouns (सर्वनाम)
- Verbs (क्रिया)
- Adjectives (विशेषण)
- Adverbs (क्रिया विशेषण)
- Conjunctions (संयोग)
- Prepositions (पूर्वसर्ग)
- Interjections (उपवाक्य)
Nouns:
- Gender: Masculine (पुल्लिंग) and Feminine (स्त्रीलिंग)
- Number: Singular (एकवचन) and Plural (बहुवचन)
- Case: Direct (प्रथमा), Accusative (द्वितीया), Instrumental (तृतीया), Dative (चतुर्थी), Ablative (पञ्चमी), Genitive (षष्ठी), Locative (सप्तमी)
Pronouns:
- Types: Personal (व्यक्तिवाचक), Demonstrative (संकेतवाचक), Interrogative (प्रश्नवाचक), Indefinite (अनिश्चितवाचक), Reflexive (आत्मवाचक)
Verbs:
- Conjugation based on tense: Present (वर्तमान), Past (भूत), Future (भविष्य)
- Aspects: Perfective (पूर्ण), Imperfective (अपूर्ण)
- Transitivity: Transitive (सक्रिय) and Intransitive (अक्रिय)
Adjectives:
- Qualitative (गुणवाचक) and Quantitative (मात्रावाचक)
- Agreement with noun gender and number
Adverbs:
- Types: Manner (किस प्रकार), Time (कब), Place (कहाँ), Frequency (कितनी बार)
Sentence Structure:
- Basic order: Subject-Object-Verb (SOV)
- Components: Subject (कर्ता), Object (कर्म), Verb (क्रिया)
Tenses:
- Present (वर्तमान), Past (भूतकाल), Future (भविष्यकाल)
- Simple, Continuous, Perfect forms
Negation:
- Use of "नहीं" for negating verbs
- Position typically before the verb
Questions:
- Interrogative words: क्या (What), कहाँ (Where), कब (When), क्यों (Why), कैसे (How)
- Question formation often requires a change in intonation or word order
Postpositions:
- Function similarly to prepositions in English, placed after nouns (e.g., में - in, के लिए - for)
Compound Sentences:
- Use of conjunctions to link clauses
- Types: Coordinating (समसंयोजक), Subordinating (असंपृक्त संयोजक)
Idioms and Phrases:
- Important for understanding nuanced meanings and cultural context

Parts of Speech

Eight primary types: Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositions, Interjections.

Nouns

Two genders: Masculine (पुल्लिंग) and Feminine (स्त्रीलिंग).
Number: Singular (एकवचन) refers to one, and Plural (बहुवचन) indicates more than one.
Seven cases: Direct (प्रथमा), Accusative (द्वितीया), Instrumental (तृतीया), Dative (चतुर्थी), Ablative (पञ्चमी), Genitive (षष्ठी), Locative (सप्तमी).

Pronouns

Five types: Personal (व्यक्तिवाचक), Demonstrative (संकेतवाचक), Interrogative (प्रश्नवाचक), Indefinite (अनिश्चितवाचक), Reflexive (आत्मवाचक).

Verbs

Conjugation is based on tense: Present (वर्तमान), Past (भूत), and Future (भविष्य).
Two aspects: Perfective (पूर्ण) indicating completion, Imperfective (अपूर्ण) indicating ongoing action.
Transitivity classifications: Transitive (सक्रिय) requires an object, Intransitive (अक्रिय) does not.

Adjectives

Two categories: Qualitative (गुणवाचक) describing qualities, Quantitative (मात्रावाचक) indicating quantity.
Must agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.

Adverbs

Four types: Manner (किस प्रकार) describing how, Time (कब) specifying when, Place (कहाँ) indicating where, Frequency (कितनी बार) expressing how often.

Sentence Structure

Standard order is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV).
Components include Subject (कर्ता), Object (कर्म), and Verb (क्रिया).

Tenses

Three main tenses: Present (वर्तमान), Past (भूतकाल), Future (भविष्यकाल).
Forms include Simple, Continuous, and Perfect.

Negation

The word "नहीं" is used to negate verbs and is typically placed before the verb.

Questions

Key interrogative words: क्या (What), कहाँ (Where), कब (When), क्यों (Why), कैसे (How).
Question formation may involve changes in intonation or word order.

Postpositions

Function like English prepositions; placed after nouns (e.g., में - in, के लिए - for).

Compound Sentences

Formed using conjunctions to connect clauses.
Types of conjunctions: Coordinating (समसंयोजक) connect equal elements, Subordinating (असंपृक्त संयोजक) link dependent clauses.