Hindi and English

• Hindi and English are distinct languages with different origins and linguistic structures
• Though distinct, there is code-switching between Hindi and English, commonly referred to as "Hinglish"

Hindi

• Hindi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken primarily in India
• It is one of the official languages of the Union Government of India
• Hindi evolved from Sanskrit through Prakrit and Apabhramsa
• Modern Standard Hindi is based on the Khariboli dialect
• It is mutually intelligible with Urdu; these are often considered dialects of the same language, Hindustani
• Hindi is written in the Devanagari script
• Devanagari is an abugida, meaning that each consonant has an inherent vowel
• Other vowels can be indicated using diacritics
• Hindi grammar includes features such as noun-verb agreement
• Grammatical gender impacts verb conjugation
• Hindi vocabulary draws heavily from Sanskrit and Prakrit
• It has also absorbed words from Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and English

English

• English is a West Germanic language that originated in England
• It is one of the most widely spoken languages globally
• English developed from the dialects spoken by Germanic tribes who migrated to Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries
• It has been heavily influenced by Latin, Norman French, and other languages
• English is generally written in the Latin alphabet
• It uses a set of 26 letters
• English orthography can be inconsistent
• The relationship between spelling and pronunciation is not always straightforward
• English grammar relies on word order
• It also relies on auxiliary verbs to indicate tense and aspect
• English vocabulary includes words from a wide range of languages due to its history of borrowing and adaptation
• It includes Germanic, Latin, French, Greek, and many other sources

Linguistic Differences

• Hindi and English belong to different language families
• Hindi is Indo-European and English is also Indo-European, but from different branches
• Hindi uses the Devanagari script, while English uses the Latin alphabet
• Hindi is a pro-drop language
• Pronouns can be omitted when they are clear from context
• English generally requires pronouns
• Hindi has a relatively free word order compared to English
• Grammatical gender is significant in Hindi
• It plays no role in modern English
• Hindi verbs conjugate to agree with the gender and number of the subject
• English verb conjugation is simpler
• Hindi has retroflex consonants, which are not found in English
• English has a number of sounds not found in Hindi
• Hindi and English have different systems for indicating tense, aspect, and mood
• Hindi's case marking system differs significantly from English

Hinglish

• Hinglish is a mix of Hindi and English
• It involves code-switching and lexical borrowing between the two languages
• Code-switching is the practice of alternating between two or more languages in conversation
• Hinglish is commonly used in urban areas of India
• It can also be found in the Indian diaspora
• Hinglish can take various forms
• It ranges from isolated English words in Hindi sentences to more complex blends
• Hinglish reflects the influence of globalization
• It also reflects the increasing use of English in Indian society
• Some view Hinglish as a natural evolution of language
• Others see it as a threat to the purity of Hindi
• Hinglish is often used in media, advertising, and entertainment
• Grammatical structures tend to follow Hindi patterns
• There is often the incorporation of English vocabulary
• Some examples of Hinglish usage include
• Using English loanwords within Hindi sentences e.g. "I am going to the market."
• Creating hybrid words by combining Hindi and English components e.g. "timepass" (English "time" + Hindi "pass") means pastime.
• Hinglish is not typically considered a formal or standardized language
• The specific forms and usages vary widely