Hildegard E. Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory

A nursing theory emphasizing the nurse-client relationship as the foundation of practice, focusing on a collaborative partnership instead of passive treatment.

A professional and planned relationship between nurse and client focused on the client's needs, feelings, and problems.

The initial phase of the therapeutic relationship where nurse and patient meet as strangers, defining the problem and needs of the patient.

Phase where the patient feels a sense of belonging and starts to feel capable of managing the problem.

Phase where professional help is utilized to solve problems and address the client's needs, supporting independence.

Final phase where the relationship ends as the patient's needs are met; achieving health, independence, and growth.

Creating trust by approaching the patient as they would meet a stranger in any other situation.

Providing knowledge relevant to the patient's needs and interests.

Providing specific information/resources to aid the patient.

Supporting the patient in understanding current situations and encouraging change through guidance.

Helping the patient understand dependence, interdependence, and independence; advocating for the patient.

Supporting the patient to take responsibility for their treatment goals.

A heightened awareness, allowing learning and problem-solving.

Decreased perceptual capabilities, requiring external direction for problem-solving.

Dread and terror, preventing focus on tasks.

Loss of rational thought, leading to severe physiological responses and potential for harm.

Understanding one's behavior and assisting others with felt difficulties using human relations.

Forward movement of personality toward creative and constructive living.

An organism reducing tension from needs.

A therapeutic, interpersonal process of a nurse helping someone in need of health care.

Hildegard Peplau's theory focusing on the nurse-client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice, emphasizing a collaborative partnership rather than passive treatment.

A process involving interaction between nurse and patient with a shared goal of improving the patient's health, involving mutual respect and learning.

According to Peplau, the nurse plays various roles in the nurse-client relationship, depending on the patient's needs. These roles range from being a teacher to counselor and even a leader.

Peplau's theory was influenced by thinkers like Henry Stack Sullivan, Percival Symonds, Abraham Maslow, and Neal Elgar Miller, drawing inspiration from their work on interpersonal relationships and human behavior.

A theory that emphasizes the therapeutic relationship between the nurse and patient, focusing on the interpersonal process of care.

A theory that emphasizes the importance of a nurse's ability to adapt to a patient's changing needs and unexpected problems.

The nurse-patient interaction is a two-way process, where both individuals influence each other.

Orlando's theory stresses the importance of the patient actively participating in the creation and implementation of their nursing care plan.

Orlando viewed nursing as separate from medicine, emphasizing nurses' autonomy in determining their actions.

To help individuals identify and manage difficulties, using human relations principles at all experience levels.

An organism that strives to reduce tension caused by needs.

Forward movement of personality in the direction of creative, constructive, productive, personal, and community living.

The therapeutic nurse-client relationship, which is professional and planned, focusing on the client's needs, feelings, and problems.

Orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution.

Nurse and client meet as strangers, defining the problem and needs of the client.

The client starts to feel a sense of belonging and becomes capable of managing the problem.

Professional services are used to solve problems and address client needs, fostering independence.

The relationship ends as client needs are met, resulting in improved health, independence, and growth.

A significant, therapeutic, interpersonal process that involves a nurse helping someone in need of health care.

To promote client's growth, reduce subjective biases, and avoid limiting the client's choices to those valued by the nurse.

(1) Nurse and patient can interact. (2) Both mature through the therapeutic interaction. (3) Communication is crucial. (4) Nurses must understand themselves to promote client growth.

Communication and interviewing skills are fundamental nursing tools, both in the therapeutic relationship and for understanding the client's needs and challenges.

A nursing approach focusing on identifying and meeting immediate needs for help in the nurse-patient relationship.

The patient's actions or words that signal a potential need for help or distress.

To find out and address the patient's immediate needs for help.

The dynamic, individual nature of the nurse-patient relationship and how it shapes immediate needs.

The nurse's internal response to the patient's presenting behavior, including thoughts and feelings.

The nurse's deliberate actions based on their assessment of the patient's presenting behavior and internal reaction.

Patients are helpless and need help to communicate their needs; they are uncomfortable and ambivalent about dependency.

To develop a theory of effective nursing practice, focusing on meeting the patient's immediate need for help.

Nursing is a unique and independent discipline concerned with the patient's immediate needs.

It is disregarded, focusing solely on the 'here and now' needs of the patient in relation to the nurse.

Helplessness is the trigger for seeking nursing care, and the nurse's job is to help the patient regain a sense of control.

A structured process involving the nurse's reaction, action, and evaluation to help patients meet their immediate needs.

To discover and address the patient's immediate needs for help in a responsive, caring manner.

The patient's immediate need for help, which is a response to a sense of helplessness.

Health is replaced by a sense of helplessness, which is the primary reason patients seek nursing care.

A systematic approach used by nurses to provide patient care, involving five stages: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

Nursing actions that are thoughtfully planned and implemented after carefully assessing the patient's needs.

Nursing actions performed without deliberate consideration of the patient's needs, often based on routine or habit.

To provide individualized and effective care by addressing the patient's specific needs and ensuring the best possible outcomes.

Assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

The initial stage where the nurse gathers information about the patient's needs, including both subjective and objective data.

The stage where the nurse analyzes the collected assessment data to identify the patient's health problems and formulate nursing diagnoses.

The stage where the nurse establishes goals for the patient's care and develops a plan to achieve these goals through nursing interventions.

The active stage where the nurse puts the care plan into action, carrying out nursing interventions to address the patient's needs.

The final stage where the nurse assesses the effectiveness of the care plan by evaluating progress toward goals and making adjustments as needed.

A nursing theory emphasizing the importance of human-to-human relationships in nursing practice, recognizing the nurse and patient as individuals with unique experiences and emotions.

It emphasizes the emotional and interpersonal aspects of nursing, recognizing that nursing care goes beyond simply providing medical treatments.

To help and support individuals, families or communities to prevent or cope with illnesses and suffering, ultimately aiming for hope and finding meaning in experiences.

The model progresses through stages of original encounters, emerging identities, developing empathy, and ultimately reaching sympathy.

She expanded on existing interpersonal relationship theory, emphasizing the significance of the nurse-patient relationship as a key component of effective nursing care.

Travelbee's model emphasizes the importance of the nurse-patient relationship as a human-to-human interaction, focusing on the individual uniqueness of each person rather than stereotypes.

A philosophical perspective emphasizing individual responsibility for choices and meaning in life. Travelbee used this to explain the importance of patient choices in their healthcare journey.

A type of psychotherapy focusing on finding meaning in life as a way to promote mental well-being. Travelbee applied this to understand how patients seek purpose within their illness.

Travelbee argues that seeing patients as just a category is problematic. Instead, we should understand each person's unique needs and experiences.

Travelbee emphasizes that illness is not just a category, but something experienced by each person based on their individual context.

Travelbee sees hope as vital for navigating suffering. It provides direction for lessening pain and finding meaning in the situation.

For Travelbee, communication is essential for good nursing practice. It allows nurses to understand the patient's needs and provide effective care.

The initial meeting between the nurse and patient, often filled with stereotyped roles and first impressions.

The phase where the nurse and patient begin to recognize each other's uniqueness and develop a more individualised relationship.

The ability to understand and share in the patient's experience, feeling their emotions without being overwhelmed.

Going beyond empathy to actively wanting to lessen the patient's suffering, taking action to help.

The strong connection built through effective nursing interventions, fostering trust and a respectful human-to-human relationship with the patient.

According to Travelbee, the ultimate aim of nursing is the nurse-patient relationship, built upon mutual understanding and respect.

Travelbee emphasizes that the nurse-patient relationship can only be successful when both parties acknowledge and appreciate their individuality.

Travelbee defines health from both personal and objective perspectives, emphasizing the importance of both perspectives.

Travelbee acknowledges the influence of the environment on the patient's experience and emphasizes observing the patient within their context.