Higher Order Conditioning - Jasper Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is second-order conditioning?

A form of Pavlovian conditioning where a previously established conditioned stimulus serves as the unconditioned stimulus.

What is an example of second-order conditioning?

Conditioning a rat to press a lever

Using shock as an unconditioned stimulus

Pairing lights with food

Pairing noise with a hen quail (correct)

Second-order conditioning can be associated with psychopathologies like phobias and fetishism.

True

What did Cook & Mineka (1989) demonstrate in their experiments?

They demonstrated second-order conditioning of phobia in lab-reared monkeys. Signup and view all the answers

What substances were paired together in Pautassi et al.'s (2008) study?

Ethanol and sucrose Signup and view all the answers

What type of conditioning is shown when the CS2 does not change value with CS1?

S ==> R learning Signup and view all the answers

Sensory preconditioning requires two stages of training.

True Signup and view all the answers

What do studies show about the locus of attentional set in humans affected by frontal damage?

Studies suggest that frontal cortex involvement affects attentional set. Signup and view all the answers

Which animal studies support the involvement of frontal regions in attentional set?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of pathways discussed in attentional set mechanisms?

S-S pathway ('associative chain') and S-R pathway. Signup and view all the answers

How many floor x wall combinations are there in stage 2?

Not specified Signup and view all the answers

How has lesions of the entorhinal cortex (EC) affected performance?

Not specified Signup and view all the answers

Which disorders are associated with alterations of attentional set?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is counterbalancing in attentional-set experiments?

Ensuring experimental conditions are balanced to avoid stimulus generalization effects. Signup and view all the answers

What does complete-change design require?

Comparison of ID vs ED at different times. Signup and view all the answers

What may single dissociations reflect?

Task sensitivity rather than selective attention set effect. Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

What the subject does in a Pavlovian conditioning experiment indicating associative learning. Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A neutral event that signals an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Pavlovian conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

What is extinction in conditioning?

The decline in responding following non-reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What is Pavlovian conditioning?

A laboratory method for studying associative learning. Signup and view all the answers

What is second-order conditioning (2OC)?

A form of conditioning where a previously established CS serves as a UCS. Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulus ==> response learning?

Learning in which a target stimulus becomes associated with a response. Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS or US)?

A motivationally significant event that elicits behavior and signals associative learning. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Higher Order Conditioning Overview

Second-order conditioning (2OC): Involves using a previously established conditioned stimulus (CS) to elicit a response through association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
Importance: Helps understand associative learning mechanisms and links to certain psychopathologies.

Example of Second-Order Conditioning

Crawford & Domjan (1995): Established a conditioned response (CR) in cock quails by pairing lights (L) with a hen quail (H) through an intermediate noise (N).
- Stages:
  - Stage 1: N ⇒ H
  - Stage 2: L ⇒ N
  - Test: L ⇒ approach CR

Implications for Psychopathology

Cetinkaya & Domjan (2006): Suggest that sexual conditioning in quail can meet criteria for fetishism, linking 2OC to phobias and sexual arousal.
Cook & Mineka (1989): Demonstrated phobia development in monkeys via second-order conditioning with a striped box associated with a snake (CS2).

Second-Order Conditioning in Substance Use

Littel & Franken (2012): Identified 2OC effects in smoking, where EEG measurements showed smokers responding to previously neutral stimuli when conditioned with cigarette images.
Pautassi et al. (2008): Showed second-order conditioning in rats using ethanol as the UCS.

Mechanisms Involved in Second-Order Conditioning

Associative Chain Mechanism: Initial learning pathways may not affect CS2; CS2 can initiate its own response pathway.
Rizley & Rescorla (1972): Suggested a demonstration of how extinction of CS1 affects CS2 responses.

Advanced Insights on 2OC Mechanisms

Multiple Pathways:
- Associative chain (L-N-H ⇒ approach R)
- Direct: S ⇒ UCS pathway (L ⇒ H)
Evidence that extinction of CS1 does not necessarily disrupt the response learned through CS2.

Sensory Preconditioning (SPC)

Definition: Similar to 2OC but with reversed training stages. A tone paired with a warm floor can elicit freezing responses when tested with just the warm floor after shock conditioning.
Key Experiment (Ward-Robinson & Honey, 2000): Demonstrated SPC in rats, showing the co-occurrence of stimuli leads to conditioned responses.

Neural Basis and Attentional Set

Frontal Cortex Role: Involved in attentional set shifts; frontal damage can lead to concentration issues, preservation errors in task learning.
Attentional-Set Design: Experiment designs show how intradimensional shifts (IDS) are generally easier than extradimensional shifts (EDS) for learning tasks.

Criticisms of Attentional Set Research

Locus-specificity: Damage to non-frontal structures can also affect attentional set, complicating the exclusive role of the frontal cortex.
Counterbalancing: Many experiments lacked proper control of variables, raising questions about the validity of conclusions.

Key Studies and Findings

Various studies in both human patients and animal models indicate that attentional set is influenced by the frontal cortex, but responses can also be affected by temporal lobe damage.
Owen et al. (1991): Investigated the impact of different frontal and temporal lesions on attentional tasks, showing that frontal lesions hindered set shifts while temporal lesions affected response latencies.

Summary of Findings

Evidence across human and animal studies converges on the notion that the frontal cortex plays an essential role in maintaining attentional sets.
Results from attention-related tasks highlight the complexity of neural mechanisms, interacting effects of various brain structures, and possible flaws due to experimental designs.

Conclusion

Understanding second-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning enriches knowledge about associative learning and potential therapeutic avenues for treating psychopathologies related to these mechanisms.### ID vs. ED Transfer
Attention effect attributed to stimulus generalization rather than true ID superiority over ED.
"Complete-change design" allows comparison of ID and ED over time, revealing potential time-related artifacts.
ID discrimination is prior to ED, indicating different performance parameters between rats.
Performance in ED may be hindered by factors like attention shift, satiation, or boredom.
Optional shift designs ensure simultaneous attentional comparisons, mitigating potential design flaws; however, this design is rarely utilized.

Range Effects and Task Sensitivity

Single dissociations may represent "task sensitivity" rather than a selective attention set effect.
Attention set is demonstrable in animal experiments (some with counterbalancing).
Frontal lobe involvement is significant but lacks specificity; connections with temporal regions may play a role.
Counterbalancing failure suggests lesions could impact stimulus generalization rather than attentional set.
Establishing a double dissociation between lesion effects on different tasks could resolve range effect concerns.

Latent Inhibition and Attention-Based Processes

If latent inhibition and ID/ED involve attention, alterations should have comparable impacts on both.
Ceiling effect indicates genuine differences, yet subjects may perform at maximum capability.
Floor effect signifies universally poor performance among subjects.

Conditioned Response (CR)

Indicates associative learning in Pavlovian conditioning experiments.
Example: Pavlov’s dogs salivated (CR) in response to a metronome (CS) after food presentations (UCS).

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A neutral event that signals an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Pavlovian settings.
Varied in experiments: metronome for dogs, tone for rats (indicating shock), or colored keylight for pigeons (indicating food).

Extinction in Conditioning

Decline in response occurs after non-reinforcement.
Continuous exposure to a CS without UCS eventually leads to CR extinction.

Pavlovian Conditioning Explained

A fundamental laboratory method to observe associative learning.
Differentiates from associative learning in non-experimental contexts; all Pavlovian conditioning constitutes associative learning, but not vice versa.

Second-order Conditioning (2OC)

Involves a previously established CS acting as UCS for additional conditioning.

Stimulus-Response Learning

Associates a target stimulus (CS1 or CS2) directly with a response.
Contrasts with CS-UCS learning, where the CS links to a mental representation of the UCS.
In S → R learning, the subject’s response is unconscious of the UCS's changing value.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A motivationally significant event that directly elicits behavior in conditioning experiments.
Must provoke a response to confirm associative learning occurred.
Examples: food as UCS for dogs with metronome CS, tone for foot shock warning in rats, or colored light for food in pigeons.

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Description

Explore the concept of second-order conditioning with these flashcards. Understand how a previously established conditioned stimulus can function as an unconditioned stimulus in Pavlovian conditioning. This resource delves into the mechanisms of associative learning and its implications for psychopathologies.