I-B-04 High-Rise Fires 06/16/2022

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Questions and Answers

What is the height threshold for a building to be classified as a high-rise?

Over 50 feet

Exactly 75 feet

More than 100 feet

Greater than 75 feet (correct)

What is a primary concern during a fire in a high-rise building?

Efficiency of the elevators

Aesthetic damage to the structure

Life safety hazards (correct)

Insurance claims

What architectural feature makes balconies particularly vulnerable to auto-exposure?

Enclosed design

Combustibility of patio furniture (correct)

Flat roofs

Glass railings

Which of the following is NOT a type of fire-related exposure in high-rise buildings?

Heat transfer from walls Signup and view all the answers

What defines a Blind Shaft Elevator in a high-rise building?

Bypasses lower floors to service upper floors Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Base in the context of a high-rise fire response?

To serve as a staging area for apparatus and personnel Signup and view all the answers

How do bus ducts differ from traditional wiring methods?

They are modular and bolted together Signup and view all the answers

Which classification applies to buildings that are greater than 40 stories tall?

Ultra high-rise Signup and view all the answers

What does a Trouble Signal indicate in an alarm system?

An electrical fault in the alarm circuits. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of construction groups all primary vertical structures together in the center?

Core construction Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of roof construction in high-rise buildings?

It is congested with equipment, complicating helicopter evacuations. Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do open-hallway high-rises offer compared to enclosed hallways?

They allow smoke to dissipate more effectively. Signup and view all the answers

What configuration issue is commonly found in commercial high-rise buildings?

Confusing, inconsistent layouts requiring navigation skills. Signup and view all the answers

How are electrical meters arranged in residential high-rise buildings?

Meter rooms are generally stacked in-line over one another. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major concern about the use of a plenum in high-rise buildings?

It can facilitate rapid horizontal fire and smoke spread. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is typical of floor areas in residential high-rises?

Highly compartmentalized into units like apartments. Signup and view all the answers

Why must firefighters check the plenum area before proceeding from the stairwell?

To assess for smoke and fire danger in that area. Signup and view all the answers

What type of construction allows stairs and elevators to be located at separate locations on each floor?

Traditional construction Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'well' in staircases of high-rise buildings?

To allow for vertical hose stretching. Signup and view all the answers

In which type of building are hallways typically enclosed to improve safety?

Most high-rises in Miami-Dade County Signup and view all the answers

What challenge does traditional construction present for navigating during emergencies?

Each floor may have a different configuration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the churn pressure of a fire pump with a maximum specification plate pressure of 200 psi and an intake pressure of 60 psi?

260 psi Signup and view all the answers

What purpose does a firefighter area of refuge serve?

A safe location for firefighters to retreat if blocked by fire. Signup and view all the answers

What component is essential in fire command/control rooms for buildings over 75 feet?

Fire alarm control panel. Signup and view all the answers

In high-rise buildings, what does the term 'crossover floors' refer to?

Designated floors for traversing between different towers. Signup and view all the answers

What is an express drain riser primarily used for?

Draining and testing standpipe systems. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of head pressure in a water system?

It indicates the force at the base of a water column. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a jockey pump in fire systems?

To maintain static pressure in sprinkler and standpipe systems. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Pressure Restricting Device (PRD)?

To control flow pressure to hose outlets and sprinklers at a specific limit Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'curtain wall' refer to in building construction?

An exterior wall meant to keep out weather. Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is a Lobby Control unit primarily established?

To supervise elevator operations and personnel accountability in high-rise incidents Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a Fire Department Connection (FDC)?

Fire hose inlets to supply sprinklers or standpipe systems. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a combination sprinkler/standpipe system?

To support sprinklers with water from standpipe risers. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the Neutral Pressure Plane (NPP)?

It indicates where air pressure is at equilibrium within a building Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Livingstone Hose Anchor Suspension Plate (L-HASP)?

To support the weight of water when performing vertical hose evolutions Signup and view all the answers

What does Phase 2 operation entail for elevators during a fire event?

Controlled operation by designated firefighters. Signup and view all the answers

In manual wet standpipe systems, how is water supplied to sprinklers in buildings not exceeding 75' in height?

By municipal water main pressure or a small fire pump Signup and view all the answers

What does compartmentalization in a building help achieve?

Containment of smoke and fire spread. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of fire pump test headers/connections?

To test and evaluate fire pump performance. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Scrub Area' refer to in the context of aerial ladder operations?

The coverage area reachable by an aerial ladder without moving the apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is associated with a Smokeproof Stair?

It has open-air balconies or vented vestibules to prevent smoke entry Signup and view all the answers

How does a jockey pump operate to benefit a fire protection system?

By maintaining pressure during minor fluctuations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of opening a door that leads to the fire floor?

It contaminates the otherwise viable staircase Signup and view all the answers

What significant role does the Stack Effect play in high-rise buildings?

It creates air movement patterns that can impact smoke behavior during fires Signup and view all the answers

Which type of standpipe system is exclusively intended for use by fire departments?

Class 1 Standpipe Systems Signup and view all the answers

During cold weather, what happens to outside air in relation to the Neutral Pressure Plane (NPP)?

It naturally moves into the building, warms, and rises above the NPP Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial element that should be considered when designating stairs for fire operations?

Proper pressurization of evacuation and attack stairs Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with jockey pumps when fire pumps are being shut off?

Shut them off to prevent overheating Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk when occupants use the same stairs as the attack crew?

Increased trip hazards and delay in hose advancement Signup and view all the answers

What is the intended function of a Transfer Switch in fire safety systems?

To switch power from the fire pump to the emergency generator during an outage Signup and view all the answers

What component is typically found in a Fire Command/Control Room in buildings over 75’?

Main fire alarm annunciator/control panel Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Occupant Area of Refuge critical in a high-rise building?

It provides a safe location for individuals unable to self-evacuate Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes Pressure Reducing Valves (PRVs)?

They can malfunction due to internal corrosion or incorrect installation. Signup and view all the answers

How does a Smoke Control System operate in a building?

By controlling the movement of smoke and air to ensure safety for occupants Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding Pressure Reducing Valves (PRV)?

They prevent both static and residual pressure from exceeding certain limits Signup and view all the answers

What should be ensured before directing smoke into designated stairwells?

No occupants are present in the stairwells. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Class 2 Standpipe Systems from Class 1 Standpipe Systems?

Class 2 is designed for occupant use, while Class 1 is for fire department use. Signup and view all the answers

Which feature indicates a Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV)?

An absence of visible threads in the outlet Signup and view all the answers

Why is it best practice to instruct occupants to stay in their units in residential buildings during a fire?

Due to compartmentalization limiting smoke spread. Signup and view all the answers

What should be present in the stairwells for Class 3 Standpipe Systems?

2½” outlets in stairwells and hose cabinets in hallways Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of bi-directional amplifiers in buildings over 75’?

To strengthen fire department radio signals Signup and view all the answers

In a combination Sprinkler/Standpipe System, how is water flow typically controlled on each floor?

Through isolation valves located above standpipe hose outlets Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Pressure Restricting Devices (PRDs) in standpipe systems?

To limit discharge pressure from standpipe outlets Signup and view all the answers

What must be done if first-floor standpipe outlets are PRVs and FDCs are not functioning?

Pressurize the system using the fire pump test header Signup and view all the answers

In buildings with multiple standpipe zones, what is required for each zone?

Individual FDCs for each zone Signup and view all the answers

Which type of standpipe system is permitted in buildings not exceeding 75 feet in height?

Manual wet standpipe system relying on water main pressure or a small fire pump Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant requirement for construction standpipes during a building's construction?

Maintain a wet condition to detect issues Signup and view all the answers

What type of fire pump is typically used in buildings according to NFPA 20 standards?

Centrifugal-type pumps Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the fire pump when firefighters begin flowing water from the standpipe outlet?

Pressure in the system drops, causing the pump to start Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for diesel engines driving fire pumps to maintain proper operating temperature?

Continuous flow of water through their heat exchanger Signup and view all the answers

How should firefighters manually start a fire pump that is not running?

Open a valve on the water line to drop the pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential component of a fire pump's electrical system?

Emergency transfer switch connected to standby generator Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum discharge pressure for PRDs in buildings constructed before 1993?

175 psi Signup and view all the answers

How must fires in high-rise buildings be approached when dealing with standpipe systems?

Employing both low-zone and high-zone pumps effectively Signup and view all the answers

What is a required practice for new high-rise structures in terms of fire safety?

To ensure complete sprinkler coverage for the building Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of standpipe outlets in high-rise buildings?

They can be located at half-landings in stairwells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the presence of FPL vaults on the upper floors of high-rise buildings?

To minimize voltage loss as the vertical distance increases Signup and view all the answers

Why should firefighters refrain from shutting down the HVAC system during a fire incident?

It could lead to excessive smoke spread and hamper strategies. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant hazard of using non-smokeproof stairs during a fire in high-rise buildings?

They serve as chimneys for heat and smoke. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a building engineer or maintenance person during a fire incident?

To verify HVAC operation and assist in fire response Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of scissor stairs in high-rise buildings?

They alternate the door position on each floor. Signup and view all the answers

In commercial high-rise buildings, what typically happens when smoke detectors in HVAC ductwork are activated?

The fans and dampers shut down. Signup and view all the answers

What common challenge does the layout of basements present during fire incidents?

They usually hold hazardous materials and machinery. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of smokeproof towers in high-rise buildings?

To vent smoke directly to the outside, protecting escape routes. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stairs requires firefighters to be familiar with two floors below the fire floor?

Scissor stairs Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of access stairs in high-rise buildings?

They can mislead firefighters about the location of the fire floor. Signup and view all the answers

Why are new parking garages in high-rise buildings required to have a combination sprinkler/standpipe system?

To provide greater fire protection for vehicles Signup and view all the answers

What risk can arise from not managing the HVAC system properly during a fire incident?

Intensified smoke and heat spread Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of return stairs in high-rise structures?

They cause a return to the same position on each floor. Signup and view all the answers

What factor should be considered when monitoring CO in a high-rise building during a fire?

CO may spread to remote areas of the building. Signup and view all the answers

In a high-rise fire situation, which method is recommended for reaching the fire floor if the standpipe system is unusable?

Improvise a standpipe by lowering hoses with specific devices. Signup and view all the answers

What is the best approach for evacuating occupants from a high-rise building during a fire?

Relocate evacuees to the nearest tenable floors. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor complicates locating and accessing a fire in a high-rise building?

Confusing and atypical floor plans. Signup and view all the answers

What should be the action regarding secondary searches in areas affected by a high-rise fire?

Every area within the structure should be monitored for CO. Signup and view all the answers

What is a specific action that may speed up search efforts during a fire in a high-rise building?

Using master keys provided by building management. Signup and view all the answers

What must be established by the Incident Commander during a structure fire response?

A designated Attack Stairwell for safe access. Signup and view all the answers

During a high-rise fire response, what should crews do if conditions deteriorate and visibility is severely reduced?

Follow hoselines to safety on the floor below the fire. Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential factor in managing evacuation for multiple victims in a high-rise fire situation?

Allocation of additional resources for the evacuation process. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of buildings with open hallways concerning fire safety?

Smoke vents directly to the outside, reducing hazards. Signup and view all the answers

What is an appropriate response to calls from panicked residents during a high-rise fire emergency?

Provide reassurance and compile their call-back information. Signup and view all the answers

How should firefighters manage the deployment of hoses when the fire location is uncertain?

Minimize hose deployment until the fire's location is known. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge in high-rise fire responses that affects both occupancy and evacuation?

Overloading stairwells with evacuees and equipment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of smoke control systems in high-rise buildings?

To exhaust smoke from the fire floor Signup and view all the answers

Which hazard is associated with high-rise fires regarding personnel safety?

Working in enclosed hallways with dense smoke Signup and view all the answers

What initial action must the first-arriving unit at a high-rise fire take?

Establish command procedures and conduct a size-up Signup and view all the answers

What factor should firefighters consider when requesting additional resources at a fire?

Weather conditions and traffic conditions Signup and view all the answers

What preventative measure should be taken regarding malfunctioning elevators in a high-rise fire?

Frequently check elevator status to ensure safety Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario indicates the need for an immediate upgrade of resources during a high-rise fire incident?

Presence of several injured occupants Signup and view all the answers

What is one risk factor associated with buildings under construction during a high-rise fire incident?

Weak structural components Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended action for the first-arriving unit regarding the building's annunciator panel?

Locate and report activated systems Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant hazard firefighters may face when operating in high-rise buildings?

Dense smoke filling the stairwells Signup and view all the answers

Which slip hazard is especially critical in a high-rise fire environment?

Fall hazards near elevator shafts Signup and view all the answers

Why is it critical to verify the location and extent of fire by the first-arriving unit?

To assess the safety of personnel entering Signup and view all the answers

What may significantly affect smoke displacement during a fire in a high-rise building?

Positive and negative stack effects Signup and view all the answers

What equipment failures should be monitored during a high-rise response?

Standpipe systems with sufficient pressure Signup and view all the answers

How should the communication strategy be adjusted as personnel proceed deeper into the structure during a fire incident?

Switch to ‘simplex’ mode if necessary Signup and view all the answers

Which apparatus should be positioned to maximize the use of the aerial device?

First-arriving Aerial/Ladder/Platform Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct starting FDC pressure for a fire on the 15th floor?

200 psi Signup and view all the answers

What must the first-arriving suppression officer ensure regarding access to the structure?

Position units for effective equipment deployment and personnel access Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant action for the initial hoseline crew?

Controlling the fire using their hoseline Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the second-arriving suppression unit's water supply evolution?

First suppression unit's functionality Signup and view all the answers

What should happen if the first suppression unit is positioned aerially and is not supplying the FDC?

The second suppression must still conduct a water supply evolution Signup and view all the answers

How is the proper operating pressure for an FDC determined?

By flowing the attack line and reading the in-line gauge Signup and view all the answers

What action should the first suppression unit take if they encounter a fire pump failure?

Pump the FDC at a pressure exceeding the head pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the priority area for exposure protection during a fire in a high-rise building?

The area directly above the fire unit Signup and view all the answers

What should the officer prioritize when considering exposure protection?

Determining the best course of action Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate elevation head pressure for newer residential buildings?

Multiply by 6 psi per floor Signup and view all the answers

What should a firefighter at the standpipe outlet do before adding hose to a charged hoseline?

Prepare to shut down the attack line Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is critical when accounting for the added hose in a standpipe system?

Friction loss calculations Signup and view all the answers

What should the second-arriving suppression crew focus on upon arriving?

Assist the first attack crew and prepare equipment Signup and view all the answers

What should be done before a hoseline is charged on an upper floor during a fire response?

Evaluate water supply issues Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for positioning the first- arriving Engine/Tanker apparatus effectively?

Facilitate personnel carrying equipment into the structure Signup and view all the answers

How can driver/operators efficiently manage hose deployment during high-rise fires?

By monitoring static and residual pressure changes Signup and view all the answers

What must be communicated if extinguishing the fire is no longer the priority?

notifying the second-arriving suppression unit of the change Signup and view all the answers

What aspect must be considered when calculating FDC pressures in older buildings?

Preventing overpressurization of standpipe systems Signup and view all the answers

In high-rise fire response, what is the purpose of connecting a 2½” nozzle to a pump outlet?

To note the static pressure accurately Signup and view all the answers

What technique can help with stiff or 'frozen' swivels on the Fire Department Connection (FDC)?

Twisting the hose counterclockwise before insertion Signup and view all the answers

What should driver/operators do if they observe a pressure drop greater than 25 psi?

Assign two or more companies to supply lines Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended procedure if the Fire Department Connection cannot be supplied?

Utilize a first-floor outlet with a gated wye Signup and view all the answers

What areas must be checked for concealed fire before entering deep into hallways?

All utility chases and voids Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge when relying on older water mains in high-rise buildings?

Inadequate water flow and pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is essential to ensure when operating in an area with a potential for fire extension?

Quickly identifying smoke and fire presence in adjacent structures Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of double females and males in FDC operations?

To facilitate the creation of a working swivel Signup and view all the answers

What is one responsibility of later-arriving apparatus drivers in a high-rise fire situation?

Check the fire pump discharge pressure gauge. Signup and view all the answers

In the absence of specific orders from Command, what should the third-arriving suppression unit do?

Stand by at the nearest appropriate water source. Signup and view all the answers

What function should one of the later-arriving units be prepared to assume?

Rapid Intervention Crew functions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary task for later-arriving rescue units at a high-rise fire?

Prepare to assume medical or rehab duties. Signup and view all the answers

What should the IC consider creating when multiple victims are anticipated during a high-rise fire?

A Medical Group for triage, treatment, and transport. Signup and view all the answers

What role does police play during a high-rise fire incident?

Manage occupant reentry and vehicular traffic control. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to ensure adequate tactical reserve in Staging during a high-rise fire?

To quickly relieve personnel on assigned tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration when multiple crews are operating on the same floor of a high-rise building?

Establishing Divisions that correspond with floor numbers. Signup and view all the answers

What should later-arriving suppression companies do if assigned to duties away from the apparatus?

Ensure it is parked in a secure location. Signup and view all the answers

What is one function third-arriving units might take if water supply is established?

Engage in patient care duties under the Medical Group. Signup and view all the answers

What should later-arriving rescue teams do to reduce reflex time?

Stage with EMS equipment and stretchers in a forward position. Signup and view all the answers

What task should later-arriving units prioritize in the initial phases of a high-rise fire response?

Take over any ongoing tasks that others are performing. Signup and view all the answers

What should be confirmed before activating a Rapid Intervention Crew (RIC)?

Units should stage two or more floors below the fire floor. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key responsibility for the second-arriving driver/operator?

Coordinate with Lobby Control for access to the pump room. Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of personnel required to effectively advance a 2" hoseline?

Six (6) Signup and view all the answers

What condition requires firefighters to operate on their knees when ascending stairs during a fire?

Smoke and thermal layering Signup and view all the answers

Which specific position is responsible for maneuvering the hose around corners inside the fire compartment?

Door position Signup and view all the answers

Which factor might lead to the necessity of more than six personnel to advance a hoseline?

Multiple corners to manage hose Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with the nozzle and first coupling before forcing the door to the fire compartment?

Position them on the hinge side Signup and view all the answers

When laying hose in a circular fashion in limited space, what must firefighters always ensure?

They lay hose to the inside of the previously laid hose Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a gate valve during the deployment of a second hoseline?

To control the flow from a distant standpipe Signup and view all the answers

What practice helps limit the amount of smoke entering the Attack Stairwell during hose deployment?

Using a webbing to control the door Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of having a firefighter stay at the standpipe outlet?

To monitor and adjust outlet pressure Signup and view all the answers

When charging a second hoseline, what should firefighters monitor closely?

The in-line gauges of both lines Signup and view all the answers

In terms of hose deployment, what does 'playing out from the middle of the coil' refer to?

Laying the hose in a circular pattern Signup and view all the answers

Which of these must be adapted in high-rise operations due to structural constraints?

The deployment strategies for hoselines Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Staging Manager in a high-rise fire response?

To oversee personnel and resources in the Staging Area Signup and view all the answers

Which situation would NOT typically necessitate the establishment of a Ventilation Group?

Need for ventilation on only the fire floor Signup and view all the answers

What should the initial arriving Battalion Chief consider when establishing a Command Post?

The presence of unsafe structural elements Signup and view all the answers

In a defensive strategy for a high-rise fire, what is an appropriate action if the fire is above the reach of exterior streams?

Employ a portable master stream from stairwells Signup and view all the answers

What is the first priority of search operations during high-rise fires?

Determine the status of occupants in danger Signup and view all the answers

When should the Incident Commander request a second alarm during a high-rise fire operation?

As soon as a true working fire is confirmed Signup and view all the answers

What should the second-arriving Battalion Chief prepare for upon arrival?

To proceed to upper floors in full PPE Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical action for personnel ascending to upper floors of a high-rise during a fire?

Deliver two SCBA cylinders to staging areas Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would a 'protect in place' strategy be particularly recommended?

If occupants are in rooms with closed doors Signup and view all the answers

Which option is NOT one of the five defensive options for an Incident Commander facing a high-rise fire?

Attack the fire using helicopters from above Signup and view all the answers

What approach should be taken to gear search and evacuation efforts in multiple-story buildings with enclosed hallways?

Prioritize the fire floor and then the floor above it Signup and view all the answers

What should firefighters avoid when storing equipment not in use during high-rise operations?

Blocking stairwells or corridor exits Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a fundamental aspect of strategy selection during a high-rise fire?

Evaluating structural stability to dictate strategy choice Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of utilizing building intercom and PA systems during an evacuation?

To communicate the incident commander's evacuation plan Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken if a fire pump is found to be non-functioning?

Advise the incident commander promptly Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an indication of overhead heat buildup in a fire pump?

The pump casing is hot to the touch Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary to determine before advancing a hoseline to the fire floor?

The number of personnel required for the stretch Signup and view all the answers

During an evacuation, what should be done to self-evacuating occupants?

Direct them to a safe assembly area away from egress areas Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a flow switch in a trash chute during a fire event?

To activate sprinklers indicating a fire Signup and view all the answers

Why is stretching a dry hoseline discouraged?

It hinders communication between firefighters. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done regarding physically impaired occupants during an evacuation?

Obtain information about their location and assist them Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to the standpipe outlet before connecting hose bundles?

Flush out sediment and debris Signup and view all the answers

Which type of signal is activated by smoke detectors in ventilation ductwork?

Supervisory duct detector signal Signup and view all the answers

What is required to secure hoses connected to the Fire Department Connection (FDC)?

Use rope or tubular webbing to anchor hoses Signup and view all the answers

What is the target flow rate for a 1-1/8" smoothbore nozzle connected to a 2" hose?

250 GPM Signup and view all the answers

What configuration should be followed when laying hoseline bundles in a hallway?

Bundles placed side-by-side with female couplings facing the water source Signup and view all the answers

Why should large diameter hose (LDH) discharges not be reduced to 2½” with an adapter?

It could create a weak link in the pressure limits Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored in a fire pump to prevent overheating?

The temperature of the pump casing Signup and view all the answers

What should be the first priority in ventilation efforts during a fire response?

Identify and clear affected floors with life hazards Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended pressure for a 2-section hose stretch of 150 feet?

85 psi Signup and view all the answers

What should firefighters be ready to do when utilizing Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV) in stairwells?

Discontinue PPV if requested by interior crews Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the visibility in the Attack Stairwell during a fire situation?

Visibility worsens due to the reverse stack effect. Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that a second hoseline should be deployed from a standpipe outlet?

When the length is excessive or outlet pressure is insufficient Signup and view all the answers

How should ground and aerial ladders be positioned at multi-level structures?

They should be positioned to provide access to upper floors Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk associated with breaking windows on upper floors?

Creates a hazard due to falling glass Signup and view all the answers

What is required for effective communication when both firefighters are separated by an uncharged hoseline?

Relying on radio communication Signup and view all the answers

What order of preference should be followed for making ventilation openings on the fire floor?

Fire apartment, smoke-proof tower, hallway Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason to avoid stretching an uncharged hoseline?

Safety regulations do not permit it Signup and view all the answers

How should firefighters position themselves when pulling a hoseline around a corner?

Strategic positioning along the line is required Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern when venting smoke through designated stairwells?

Creating a reverse stack effect of smoke and heat Signup and view all the answers

What is critical to monitor when several hoselines are operating from a standpipe?

Changes in head pressure Signup and view all the answers

When should aerial apparatus be used as exterior standpipes?

Only when there are no other tactical needs Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration before breaking windows for ventilation?

Wind direction and potential risks Signup and view all the answers

What defines the ideal size of an average apartment for effective hose deployment?

Around 50 feet for vertical reach Signup and view all the answers

Why might firefighters opt to utilize natural horizontal ventilation?

It allows for quicker exhaust of smoke Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue might occur when stairwell doors are blocked open on unaffected floors during firefighting efforts?

It may create a Venturi effect drawing fire towards the stairwell Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with an aerial apparatus to maximize its operational capabilities?

Back the apparatus into position when possible Signup and view all the answers

In cases of limited openings, what might Command designate as a chimney to evacuate smoke?

A specific stairwell identified for smoke removal Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor for utilizing HVAC systems for smoke removal during a fire?

There should be no threat of fire extension by its use. Signup and view all the answers

Why should gasoline-powered fans be avoided in certain fire scenarios?

They may produce carbon monoxide, which is dangerous. Signup and view all the answers

Which task is NOT part of the Lobby Control Unit's responsibilities?

Fire suppression operations on the fire floor Signup and view all the answers

During high-rise fire operations, how should elevators be managed?

All cars should be recalled to the lobby for safety. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Lobby Control Unit during high-rise incidents?

To assist with the accountability of personnel. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if a fire alarm panel shows previous alarms?

Scroll back in history to understand alarm patterns. Signup and view all the answers

What type of ventilation may be considered for small fires with limited smoke?

Natural ventilation or electric fans Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is critical for identifying non-traditional floor numbering in high-rise buildings?

Observe the elevator panel for indications. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the top-floor fire with horizontal spread along the plenum space unique in its ventilation needs?

It generally requires no roof ventilation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge when dealing with hurricane impact glass windows during a fire rescue operation?

They require significant effort to breach without power tools. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a fire alarm annunciator panel in high-rise buildings?

To provide details on alarm activations. Signup and view all the answers

What procedure should be followed if elevators are found to have potential trapped occupants?

Recall cars and inspect them for occupants. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of high-rise fire operations, when should the use of non-Firefighter Operation Service Elevators be permitted?

If the car does not serve the fire floor. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

High-Rise Fire Safety and Structural Features

High-rises are categorized as residential, commercial, or mixed-use, posing significant life safety risks during fires.
Structures over 75 feet (approx. 6 stories) require specialized fire protection systems; ultra high-rises exceed 40 stories.
Auto-exposure refers to fire traveling from one floor to another via direct flame or radiant heat, with balconies especially at risk due to flammable furniture.

High-Rise Fire Operations Terminology

Base: Staging area for resources, not immediately deployable to upper floors.
Blind Shaft Elevators: Express elevators that service select upper floors, bypassing lower ones.
Bus Duct: Modular metal enclosure that houses electrical bus bars, facilitating efficient power distribution.
Churn Pressure: Max pressure of fire pumps when idle, crucial for calculating supply needs.
Combination Sprinkler/Standpipe System: Integrates sprinkler systems with standpipe risers for enhanced fire protection.

Fire Safety Systems and Equipment

Compartmentalization: Use of fire-resistive barriers to create smaller, protected areas within buildings.
Fire Command/Control Rooms: Essential for managing high-rise emergencies, including fire alarm systems and communication.
Fire Department Connection (FDC): Allows fire department pumpers to boost water pressure; critical during insufficient municipal supply.

High-Rise Construction and Design Features

Core vs. Traditional Construction: Core design centralizes elevators and stairs, risking simultaneous blockage by fire and smoke. Traditional designs stagger these facilities for safety.
Materials: Residential buildings often feature concrete and drywall, while commercial structures include larger un-partitioned spaces prone to rapid fire spread.
Open vs. Enclosed Hallways: Enclosed hallways contain smoke better, while open designs allow smoke dissipation, easing evacuation.

Vertical and Horizontal Fire Spread Dynamics

Plenum: Space above ceilings that can facilitate fire and smoke spread; requires vigilance during firefighting operations.
Smoke Control Systems: Ventilation systems designed to manage smoke movement, critical for occupant safety during evacuations.
Stack Effect: Temperature-driven airflow can influence smoke movement within buildings; can aid or hinder evacuation efforts.

Emergency Response and Equipment

Firefighter Area of Refuge: Safe zone for firefighters under duress from smoke or fire, ensuring escape routes remain accessible.
Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV): Maintains low pressure in standpipe and sprinkler systems to prevent overpressure situations.
Jockey Pump: Small pump sustaining static pressure in systems, important for maintaining operational readiness.

Special Considerations for High-Rises

Occupant Areas of Refuge: Designated spaces for occupants unable to evacuate; must be strategically located near stairwell access.
Electrical Systems: High-rise buildings feature complex electrical distributions, including stacked meter and panel rooms that may facilitate fire spread.
Transfer Switch: Automatically activates emergency generators upon power loss, ensuring fire pumps remain operational.

Additional Firefighting Techniques

Well Stretch: Method for threading hose vertically through stairwell shafts without kinking.
Smokeproof Stairs: Design features to minimize smoke ingress into stairwells, aiding evacuation.
Supervisory Signals: Alarm indications alerting to issues in the fire system without triggering full alarms.

Understanding Building Characteristics

Consideration of Neutral Pressure Plane (NPP) dynamics is vital in managing smoke movement during a fire incident.
Awareness of specific building layouts will impact tactical operations; residential units generally have consistent configurations, unlike the maze-like plans of commercial floors.
Coordination and strategic planning are essential to effectively manage high-rise firefighting operations, ensuring safety and efficiency while minimizing risks.### Firefighter Safety and Protocols
Firefighters should not force entry to FPL vaults without authorization to prevent arc flash or electrocution.

HVAC Systems

Assess HVAC impact on fire; avoid shutting it down arbitrarily as it aids in smoke/fire control.
Residential units have air systems that do not mix with hallway air; shutting down HVAC can create smoke pathways.
Central air conditioning is standard in commercial high-rises; residential areas typically only receive air in hallways.
HVAC systems may be adjusted to enhance fresh air intake and remove contaminated air during fire incidents.

Basements

Basements in hotels contain machinery, maintenance spaces, and amenities; they are often below grade but can be at grade level on some sides.
Floor layouts differ significantly from residential areas, potentially housing unique fire loads.

Internal Parking Garages

New high-rise garages require combination sprinkler/standpipe systems, while older buildings vary in compliance.
Firefighters may need to hand-lay hoses for vehicle fires in hard-to-reach areas during operations.

Stairwells

Stair types include return, scissor, wraparound, and access stairs; most act as conduits for smoke and heat.
Return stairs often require longer hose stretches due to their design with half-landings.
Scissor stairs may confuse firefighters due to alternating door locations; orientation to fire floor must be established.
Wrap-around stairs allow vertical hose stretches; access stairs can complicate identification of fire locations.
Smokeproof stairs provide protection by preventing smoke from entering egress paths, featuring vestibules and smoke shafts.

Fire Protection Systems

Occupants in residential buildings should shelter in place due to effective compartmentalization during fires.
Buildings over 75' must have Fire Command/Control Rooms, typically containing essential fire control equipment.
Standpipe Systems:
- Class 1: Designed for firefighter use with 2½” outlets.
- Class 2: For occupant use, contains 1½” outlets.
- Class 3: Combines both functions, based on design specifics.
Combination systems integrate sprinkler systems with standpipes, often employing zoning and control valves for efficiency.

Pressure Control Measures

Pressure Reducing Valves (PRVs) maintain discharge pressures, essential for maintaining performance during firefighting.
Pressure Restricting Devices (PRDs) limit outlet pressures in older buildings to enhance safety.
Hose outlet locations may be at stairwell half-landings, affecting hose deployment logistics.

Smoke Control/Management

Modern buildings feature smoke control systems to pressurize stairwells and ductwork, using fans and controls to manage smoke during fire events.

Personnel Hazards

Firefighters face numerous hazards, including high heat, smoke displacement, entrapment risks, structural collapse, and equipment failures during fire suppression.
Malfunctioning elevators can trap or mislead firefighters, while inadequate communication may complicate operations deep within buildings.
Construction sites present extreme risks, including missing infrastructure and compromised safety measures.### Apparatus Arrival Order and Functions
First-arriving units must conduct a thorough size-up, transmit an initial radio report, and establish command as per SOPs.
High-rise buildings can present a fire hazard with minimal external indications; physical confirmation by personnel is vital before downgrading the alarm.
First-responding units must secure entry points and maintain space for incoming apparatus, identify and mitigate hazards, and locate alarm panels for active monitoring.
Gathering information regarding the fire’s location, status of evacuations, and elevator access is essential. Early requests for additional resources should consider various logistical factors.

Additional Resource Considerations

Situations warranting additional resource requests include indications of fire in multi-level structures, visible smoke or fire, multiple reports of trapped occupants, and major activity like explosions.
Requests for transit buses may be necessary for large-scale evacuations, especially for vulnerable populations like the elderly.
Significant smoke conditions may need enhanced ventilation strategies using positive pressure equipment.

First-Arriving Rescue and Suppression Units

The first-arriving rescue unit should be prepared for firefighting unless immediate patient care is required, in which case they must communicate this need.
Suppression units aim to locate and assess the fire, offering immediate exposure protection as needed.
Engine and tanker apparatus must position to facilitate rescue and effective hoseline operations, while aerial units should maximize aerial tool utilization.

Initial Action Guidelines for Suppression

The initial hoseline deployment is critical for fire control and should not be deterred unless a rescue is imminent.
Standard starting pressure guidelines for Fire Department Connections (FDC) vary by the fire's elevation: 150 psi for up to the 10th floor, escalating to 300 psi for floors 31-40.
Calculate head pressure as 5 psi per floor for older residential structures, and 6 psi for newer ones.

Water Supply and Resource Management

Second-arriving units are responsible for establishing a water supply and then assisting with hoseline deployment and fire operations.
Third-arriving suppression must stand by for further assignments and prepare for water supply support if needed.

Tactical Command and Strategy

Incoming units should not stage outside high-rise buildings, as immediate assignments will be necessary.
Consider creating Medical Groups for triage as high-rise fires can turn into multiple casualty incidents.
Establish divisions for operational coherence within units on the same floor, tackling overlapping responsibilities collaboratively.

General Safety and Resource Allocation

Resources beyond hoselines are necessary for effective fireground operations; SCBA cylinders should be delivered to upper floors promptly.
Unused equipment must not obstruct stairwells to prevent tripping hazards and should be stored securely.

Incident Management Considerations

An offensive strategy is preferred unless conditions dictate otherwise; a defensive strategy may include indirect attacks or safe operations from stairwells.
Establish safe zones and evacuation or no-entry zones where structural integrity may be compromised.
Assume all buildings are occupied until proven otherwise and use a "protect in place" strategy when necessary to safeguard occupants from smoke-filled environments.

Rescue Operations

Prioritize occupant safety and familiarize yourself with the building's layout for efficient rescue operations.
Later-arriving rescues and personnel should prepare for medical and rehab responsibilities, considering the unique demographics of the building occupants.

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Description

Explore the critical safety protocols for high-rise buildings, particularly those over 75 feet tall. This quiz covers the life safety hazards, logistical challenges, and effective resource management during fires in residential, commercial, and mixed-use high-rises. Test your knowledge on emergency response strategies for these complex evacuations.