Podcast
Questions and Answers
Higher the altitude lower the Partial Pressure of ______ in this air.
Higher the altitude lower the Partial Pressure of ______ in this air.
Oxygen
Tibetan people have physiologically adapted to high ______ living.
Tibetan people have physiologically adapted to high ______ living.
altitude
The altitude at which acute altitude sickness symptoms like dizziness and nausea occur is often around ______ feet.
The altitude at which acute altitude sickness symptoms like dizziness and nausea occur is often around ______ feet.
15,000
In the 'Death Zone', which is recognized at altitudes above ______ feet, survival becomes extremely difficult.
In the 'Death Zone', which is recognized at altitudes above ______ feet, survival becomes extremely difficult.
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Altitude hypoxia results in a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the ______.
Altitude hypoxia results in a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the ______.
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In response to high altitude, the body experiences an increase in respiration and heart ______.
In response to high altitude, the body experiences an increase in respiration and heart ______.
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The altitude known as 'Very High' is classified at around ______ feet.
The altitude known as 'Very High' is classified at around ______ feet.
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Acclimatization involves changes to an organism's behavior, morphology, and ______ in response to a unique environment.
Acclimatization involves changes to an organism's behavior, morphology, and ______ in response to a unique environment.
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Phenotypic plasticity is NOT a ______ change.
Phenotypic plasticity is NOT a ______ change.
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Erythropoietin helps to increase ______ to tissue.
Erythropoietin helps to increase ______ to tissue.
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Chronic mountain sickness is a maladaptation syndrome caused by ______-altitude hypoxia.
Chronic mountain sickness is a maladaptation syndrome caused by ______-altitude hypoxia.
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Tibetans demonstrate lower infant mortality and higher ______ compared to acclimated women of low-altitude origin.
Tibetans demonstrate lower infant mortality and higher ______ compared to acclimated women of low-altitude origin.
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Decreased homocysteine levels in Tibetans are possibly due to increased ______ acid metabolism.
Decreased homocysteine levels in Tibetans are possibly due to increased ______ acid metabolism.
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Genome wide association study (GWAS) shows strongest signatures of positive selection for genes EGLN1 and ______.
Genome wide association study (GWAS) shows strongest signatures of positive selection for genes EGLN1 and ______.
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In just 3000 years, the Tibetan people have rapidly evolved a unique ability to ______ at high altitudes.
In just 3000 years, the Tibetan people have rapidly evolved a unique ability to ______ at high altitudes.
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Protection against preeclampsia has been observed in acclimated women of low-altitude ______.
Protection against preeclampsia has been observed in acclimated women of low-altitude ______.
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EPAS1 provides instructions for making a protein called ______.
EPAS1 provides instructions for making a protein called ______.
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The EGLN1 gene encodes the enzyme hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl ______.
The EGLN1 gene encodes the enzyme hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl ______.
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The EPAS1 gene is active under ______ conditions.
The EPAS1 gene is active under ______ conditions.
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The YRI population is associated with the ______ ancestry.
The YRI population is associated with the ______ ancestry.
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The enzyme encoded by EGLN1 plays a central role in ______ homeostasis.
The enzyme encoded by EGLN1 plays a central role in ______ homeostasis.
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The study by Zheng.W, et al. focuses on high-altitude adaptation in the ______ population.
The study by Zheng.W, et al. focuses on high-altitude adaptation in the ______ population.
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The transcript of the EPAS1 gene results in a protein that is a ______ factor.
The transcript of the EPAS1 gene results in a protein that is a ______ factor.
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The research highlights convergent evolution in the HIF pathway genes EGLN1 and ______.
The research highlights convergent evolution in the HIF pathway genes EGLN1 and ______.
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Altitude hypoxia refers to a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the ___ tissues.
Altitude hypoxia refers to a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the ___ tissues.
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Acute altitude sickness can include symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and ___ fatigue.
Acute altitude sickness can include symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and ___ fatigue.
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Acclimatization includes changes to an organism's behavior, morphology, and ___ in response to environment.
Acclimatization includes changes to an organism's behavior, morphology, and ___ in response to environment.
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The physiological response to high altitude includes an increase in respiration rate and heart ___.
The physiological response to high altitude includes an increase in respiration rate and heart ___.
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The altitude known as 'Very High' typically begins at ___ feet.
The altitude known as 'Very High' typically begins at ___ feet.
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Long-term sustained high-altitude hypoxia can develop a ______ syndrome.
Long-term sustained high-altitude hypoxia can develop a ______ syndrome.
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Tibetans demonstrate protection against the occurrence of intrauterine growth restriction, which is associated with low birth ______ at high altitude.
Tibetans demonstrate protection against the occurrence of intrauterine growth restriction, which is associated with low birth ______ at high altitude.
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The fastest genetic adaptation ever observed in humans occurred in the Tibetan ______.
The fastest genetic adaptation ever observed in humans occurred in the Tibetan ______.
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Erythropoietin is vital for stimulating ______ in response to low oxygen levels.
Erythropoietin is vital for stimulating ______ in response to low oxygen levels.
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The EPAS1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called hypoxia-inducible factor 2-alpha, also known as ______.
The EPAS1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called hypoxia-inducible factor 2-alpha, also known as ______.
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Genome wide association study (GWAS) identifies strong positive selection signatures like ______ and EPAS1.
Genome wide association study (GWAS) identifies strong positive selection signatures like ______ and EPAS1.
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The EGLN1 gene encodes the enzyme called hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase 2, abbreviated as ______.
The EGLN1 gene encodes the enzyme called hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase 2, abbreviated as ______.
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Tibetan people have lower infant mortality and higher fertility compared to acclimated women of ______ origin.
Tibetan people have lower infant mortality and higher fertility compared to acclimated women of ______ origin.
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Both the EGLN1 and EPAS1 genes play significant roles in the ______ pathway.
Both the EGLN1 and EPAS1 genes play significant roles in the ______ pathway.
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Protection against cardiovascular disease in Tibetans is linked to decreased homocysteine levels and increased ______ acid metabolism.
Protection against cardiovascular disease in Tibetans is linked to decreased homocysteine levels and increased ______ acid metabolism.
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Adaptation to high altitudes often involves physiological changes in response to reduced ______ levels.
Adaptation to high altitudes often involves physiological changes in response to reduced ______ levels.
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The EPAS1 gene is active under conditions of ______.
The EPAS1 gene is active under conditions of ______.
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Under normal oxygen levels, EGLN1 catalyzes the formation of ______-hydroxyproline.
Under normal oxygen levels, EGLN1 catalyzes the formation of ______-hydroxyproline.
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The study highlighted how Tibetan populations exhibit genetic adaptations that allow them to thrive in ______ conditions.
The study highlighted how Tibetan populations exhibit genetic adaptations that allow them to thrive in ______ conditions.
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The transcription factor EPAS1 is particularly active when the body is under ______ stress.
The transcription factor EPAS1 is particularly active when the body is under ______ stress.
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Zheng.W and colleagues' study emphasizes the significance of large-scale genome sequencing in understanding ______ adaptation.
Zheng.W and colleagues' study emphasizes the significance of large-scale genome sequencing in understanding ______ adaptation.
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What physiological benefit do Tibetans experience due to their adaptations to high altitude?
What physiological benefit do Tibetans experience due to their adaptations to high altitude?
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Which gene has been identified as playing a significant role in high-altitude adaptation among Tibetans?
Which gene has been identified as playing a significant role in high-altitude adaptation among Tibetans?
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How does the body typically respond to high altitude regarding erythropoietin?
How does the body typically respond to high altitude regarding erythropoietin?
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What condition is associated with prolonged high-altitude hypoxia in Tibetan populations?
What condition is associated with prolonged high-altitude hypoxia in Tibetan populations?
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What characteristic distinguishes acclimatization from adaptation in the context of high altitude?
What characteristic distinguishes acclimatization from adaptation in the context of high altitude?
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At which altitude does the body start to experience acute altitude sickness with symptoms such as dizziness and nausea?
At which altitude does the body start to experience acute altitude sickness with symptoms such as dizziness and nausea?
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What physiological response occurs in the body when exposed to high altitude?
What physiological response occurs in the body when exposed to high altitude?
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Which altitude classification indicates 'Extreme' conditions?
Which altitude classification indicates 'Extreme' conditions?
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What does increased levels of erythropoietin in the body primarily promote in response to low oxygen levels?
What does increased levels of erythropoietin in the body primarily promote in response to low oxygen levels?
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Which of the following is a symptom of acute altitude sickness?
Which of the following is a symptom of acute altitude sickness?
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How does acclimatization affect an organism living at high altitudes?
How does acclimatization affect an organism living at high altitudes?
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What altitude range is classified as 'Very High'?
What altitude range is classified as 'Very High'?
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What is the primary function of erythropoietin in response to high-altitude conditions?
What is the primary function of erythropoietin in response to high-altitude conditions?
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Which physiological adaptation is a characteristic of Tibetans compared to low-altitude populations?
Which physiological adaptation is a characteristic of Tibetans compared to low-altitude populations?
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What maladaptation syndrome can arise from long-term sustained high-altitude hypoxia?
What maladaptation syndrome can arise from long-term sustained high-altitude hypoxia?
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Which of the following statements accurately reflects genomic adaptation in Tibetans?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects genomic adaptation in Tibetans?
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Which gene is associated with positive selection for high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans?
Which gene is associated with positive selection for high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans?
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What protection is afforded to Tibetans concerning intrauterine growth restriction?
What protection is afforded to Tibetans concerning intrauterine growth restriction?
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What type of protein does the EPAS1 gene provide instructions for making?
What type of protein does the EPAS1 gene provide instructions for making?
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What possible benefit does lower homocysteine levels in Tibetans provide?
What possible benefit does lower homocysteine levels in Tibetans provide?
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What aspect of Tibetan physiology differs regarding hemoglobin concentration compared to acclimatized low-altitude populations?
What aspect of Tibetan physiology differs regarding hemoglobin concentration compared to acclimatized low-altitude populations?
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What role does the EGLN1 gene play in cellular function?
What role does the EGLN1 gene play in cellular function?
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Which population is highlighted in the study as having adapted to high-altitude conditions?
Which population is highlighted in the study as having adapted to high-altitude conditions?
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Under what conditions is the EPAS1 gene primarily active?
Under what conditions is the EPAS1 gene primarily active?
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What is a key function of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase 2, encoded by the EGLN1 gene?
What is a key function of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase 2, encoded by the EGLN1 gene?
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What is the primary consequence of the activity of the HIF-2α protein produced by EPAS1?
What is the primary consequence of the activity of the HIF-2α protein produced by EPAS1?
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What mechanism allows EGLN1 to perform its function under normal oxygen levels?
What mechanism allows EGLN1 to perform its function under normal oxygen levels?
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The study suggests that both EGLN1 and EPAS1 genes are significant for which biological process?
The study suggests that both EGLN1 and EPAS1 genes are significant for which biological process?
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Which physiological change is primarily responsible for Tibetans' successful adaptation to high altitudes?
Which physiological change is primarily responsible for Tibetans' successful adaptation to high altitudes?
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What is the primary function of the protein encoded by the EPAS1 gene?
What is the primary function of the protein encoded by the EPAS1 gene?
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Which of the following best describes the role of the EGLN1 gene in high-altitude adaptation?
Which of the following best describes the role of the EGLN1 gene in high-altitude adaptation?
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What distinguishes the adaptation strategies of Tibetans from those of other high-altitude populations?
What distinguishes the adaptation strategies of Tibetans from those of other high-altitude populations?
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In the context of high-altitude physiology, what is a significant outcome of lower homocysteine levels in Tibetans?
In the context of high-altitude physiology, what is a significant outcome of lower homocysteine levels in Tibetans?
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What physiological change is NOT typically observed in response to high-altitude hypoxia?
What physiological change is NOT typically observed in response to high-altitude hypoxia?
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Which altitude is categorized as 'Extreme'?
Which altitude is categorized as 'Extreme'?
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What is the primary consequence of rapid decreases in PO2 levels at altitudes exceeding 26,000 feet?
What is the primary consequence of rapid decreases in PO2 levels at altitudes exceeding 26,000 feet?
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Which of the following accurately describes the symptoms of acute altitude sickness?
Which of the following accurately describes the symptoms of acute altitude sickness?
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Which adaptation process involves permanent genetic changes in response to high-altitude living?
Which adaptation process involves permanent genetic changes in response to high-altitude living?
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Hypoxia refers to what condition in relation to oxygen availability in the body?
Hypoxia refers to what condition in relation to oxygen availability in the body?
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What is a potential negative outcome of long-term sustained high-altitude hypoxia?
What is a potential negative outcome of long-term sustained high-altitude hypoxia?
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Which physiological adaptation is seen in Tibetan populations compared to those acclimated at lower altitudes?
Which physiological adaptation is seen in Tibetan populations compared to those acclimated at lower altitudes?
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Which gene is associated with the fastest genetic adaptation to high-altitude living in Tibetan people?
Which gene is associated with the fastest genetic adaptation to high-altitude living in Tibetan people?
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What advantage do Tibetan people have in terms of fetal development compared to those from low-altitude areas?
What advantage do Tibetan people have in terms of fetal development compared to those from low-altitude areas?
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What condition has not been observed as a maladaptation syndrome in response to high-altitude hypoxia?
What condition has not been observed as a maladaptation syndrome in response to high-altitude hypoxia?
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Why are decreased homocysteine levels in Tibetans potentially protective against cardiovascular diseases?
Why are decreased homocysteine levels in Tibetans potentially protective against cardiovascular diseases?
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Which physiological change occurs in response to low PaO2 at high altitudes?
Which physiological change occurs in response to low PaO2 at high altitudes?
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Which condition would NOT typically develop from chronic exposure to high altitude conditions?
Which condition would NOT typically develop from chronic exposure to high altitude conditions?
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Which role is primarily associated with the EPAS1 gene in high-altitude adaptation?
Which role is primarily associated with the EPAS1 gene in high-altitude adaptation?
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What is the primary function of the enzyme encoded by the EGLN1 gene?
What is the primary function of the enzyme encoded by the EGLN1 gene?
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Which populations were mentioned as having different genetic adaptations to altitude?
Which populations were mentioned as having different genetic adaptations to altitude?
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What adaptation allows Tibetans to manage oxygen levels effectively in hypoxia?
What adaptation allows Tibetans to manage oxygen levels effectively in hypoxia?
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How have Tibetan populations adapted genetically in recent history?
How have Tibetan populations adapted genetically in recent history?
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What physiological response occurs under hypoxic conditions according to the content?
What physiological response occurs under hypoxic conditions according to the content?
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What is the significance of the genetic findings reported by Zheng et al. in the context of Tibetan adaptation?
What is the significance of the genetic findings reported by Zheng et al. in the context of Tibetan adaptation?
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The research highlighted comparisons among which populations with respect to altitude adaptation?
The research highlighted comparisons among which populations with respect to altitude adaptation?
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What physiological change occurs in response to high altitudes that affects blood chemistry?
What physiological change occurs in response to high altitudes that affects blood chemistry?
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Which altitude is classified as 'Extreme' according to the provided information?
Which altitude is classified as 'Extreme' according to the provided information?
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What condition is characterized by a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues?
What condition is characterized by a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues?
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What is typically the first physiological response of the body to high-altitude environments?
What is typically the first physiological response of the body to high-altitude environments?
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At what altitude does the 'Death Zone' begin, in feet?
At what altitude does the 'Death Zone' begin, in feet?
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What is an example of a maladaptation syndrome that can occur due to long-term sustained high-altitude hypoxia?
What is an example of a maladaptation syndrome that can occur due to long-term sustained high-altitude hypoxia?
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Which gene has been associated with positive selection in Tibetan populations for high-altitude adaptation?
Which gene has been associated with positive selection in Tibetan populations for high-altitude adaptation?
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How does the body compensate for decreased oxygen levels at high altitude?
How does the body compensate for decreased oxygen levels at high altitude?
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What physiological advantage do Tibetans experience related to infant health at high altitudes?
What physiological advantage do Tibetans experience related to infant health at high altitudes?
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What physiological feature distinguishes Tibetan populations in terms of erythrocytosis?
What physiological feature distinguishes Tibetan populations in terms of erythrocytosis?
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What has been noted as a significant protective feature of Tibetan adaptations regarding cardiovascular health?
What has been noted as a significant protective feature of Tibetan adaptations regarding cardiovascular health?
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What is a result of the rapid genetic adaptation observed in Tibetans over the last 3000 years?
What is a result of the rapid genetic adaptation observed in Tibetans over the last 3000 years?
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Which of the following conditions is NOT related to high-altitude acute physiological responses?
Which of the following conditions is NOT related to high-altitude acute physiological responses?
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What is the function of the EPAS1 gene?
What is the function of the EPAS1 gene?
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Under which conditions is the EPAS1 gene active?
Under which conditions is the EPAS1 gene active?
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What role does the EGLN1 gene play in the body?
What role does the EGLN1 gene play in the body?
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Which population is highlighted in the study on high-altitude adaptation?
Which population is highlighted in the study on high-altitude adaptation?
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How does EGLN1 contribute to the body's response to oxygen levels?
How does EGLN1 contribute to the body's response to oxygen levels?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the EPAS1 gene's product?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the EPAS1 gene's product?
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What is a consequence of the adaptations seen in Tibetan populations?
What is a consequence of the adaptations seen in Tibetan populations?
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What is the significance of the study by Zheng.W et al. concerning genome sequencing?
What is the significance of the study by Zheng.W et al. concerning genome sequencing?
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Study Notes
Adaptation to High Altitude in Tibetans
- Tibetans have adapted to high altitudes, exhibiting rapid evolutionary changes in just 3000 years.
- This adaptation allows them to thrive in low-oxygen environments.
- This is one of the fastest genetic adaptations ever observed in humans.
Learning Outcomes
- The learning outcomes include understanding the effects of high altitude on the human body.
- Recognizing differences between acclimatization and adaptation.
- Describing how Tibetans have adapted physiologically to high-altitude living and the associated implicated genes.
Altitude - Oxygen
- At higher altitudes, atmospheric pressure and the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) decrease.
- Air comprises of approximately 21% oxygen, but it becomes thinner at altitude.
- The lower partial pressure of oxygen directly corresponds with the decreased availability of oxygen in the air.
Altitude - PO2
- The graph illustrates how partial pressure of oxygen decreases with increasing altitude.
- The death zone, represented near 30,000 feet, has oxygen levels below 32%.
- Significant decrease in oxygen levels happens at altitudes beyond 6,900 feet (rapid decrease depicted in the graph).
Altitude
- Several locations are mentioned in the texts including Mount Everest, Aconcagua, Denali, Kilimanjaro, Mont Blanc, Ben Nevis, Snowdon, and Pen y Fan, each at varying altitudes.
High-altitude Hypoxia
- Hypoxia is defined as a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues.
- PaO2 represents the arterial partial pressure of oxygen.
- SaO2 indicates the oxygen saturation.
- Graphs show the relationship between altitude and oxygen saturation and partial pressure.
High-altitude Hypoxia - Initial Physiological Response
- The initial response to high-altitude hypoxia includes increased respiration and heart rates.
- Respiratory alkalosis, a decrease in CO2, and increased blood pH, are also detected.
- Common symptoms of acute mountain sickness include dizziness, nausea, fatigue, and headaches.
Acclimatise
- Acclimatization refers to the physiological changes occurring in an organism in response to a new environment.
- It's a phenotypic plasticity, not a genetic change.
High-altitude Acclimatization
- Low PaO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) and SaO2 (oxygen saturation) trigger erythropoiesis.
- Erythropoietin stimulates the production of red blood cells, increasing oxygen transport efficiency.
Long-term Sustained High-altitude Hypoxia
- Chronic mountain sickness, pulmonary hypertension, and high-altitude pulmonary and cerebral edema are potential outcomes of long-term hypoxia.
- Maladaptation syndromes, such as heart failure and fetal growth restriction, also may occur.
Tibet Altitude
- Tibet's average altitude is roughly 14,000 feet.
- Different locations in Tibet display varied altitudes (e.g., Nyingchi at 10,200 ft, Chamdo at 10,500 ft).
Tibetan People
- The population of Tibetans is approximately 3.6 million.
Physiological Adaptations of Tibetans
- Tibetans exhibit lower infant mortality and higher fertility compared to low-altitude populations.
- They also show protection against intrauterine growth restrictions and preeclampsia, linked to high-altitude living.
- Their physiological adaptations include reduced homocysteine levels associated with folate acid metabolism.
- Their body mass is lower than other non-acclimated populations.
Genome Studies
- Genome analysis reveals that Tibetans have quickly evolved unique adaptations to high altitudes (within 3,000 years).
- EGLN1 and EPAS1 genes highlight significant evolutionary changes in Tibetan populations as a response to high altitudes.
High Altitude Genetic Adaptation - EPAS1 gene
- EPAS1 gene encodes a protein (HIF-2α) that plays a role in the physiological response to varying oxygen levels.
- Under hypoxic conditions, EPAS1 gene expression is active.
High Altitude Genetic Adaptation - EGLN1 gene
- EGLN1 gene encodes an enzyme (PHD2), a crucial oxygen sensor in cellular physiology.
- Under normal conditions, the EGLN1 gene catalyses the post-translational formation of hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the genetic adaptations of Tibetans to high altitudes in this informative quiz. Discover how these rapid evolutionary changes allow them to thrive in low-oxygen environments and how it impacts the human body. The quiz comprises 50 multiple-choice questions aimed at assessing your understanding of acclimatization versus adaptation.
